2. 19 th century London and Paris + “the minor league” Brussels, Berlin, the Hague, Washington, D. C. Single economic and political system: Europe Colonies

3. The global flow of information news movies TV programs the Internet What are the centers of dissemination of information around the world?

4. New York Paris London Does the system operate similarly to or differently from that in the 18-19 th c.?

5. Market and Cultural Factors 1. Anglo-American cultural values: initiative + creativity; eccentricity 2. Economy of scale in the global ES market 3. The competitive, market-oriented structure of most Anglo-American media 4. Anglo-American dominance in other areas of global communication

6. Qualities vs Populars Broadsheets / Tabloids The “quality” newspapers usually concentrate on: (i) political events (ii) economic problems (iii) in-depth coverage of a particular topic, possibly on a weekly rota basis (for instance, every Tuesday The Guardian has a section devoted to education) (iv) sport

7. “Populars” such as The Sun concentrate on: (i) human interest stories, such as the lives of TV celebrities, pop stars and royalty (ii) mainstream sport, such as football, snooker and cricket (iii) “sexy” or “spicy” stories (iv) sensational happenings, usually in Britain

8. Great Britain Qualities The Times (1785): http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/ http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/ The Guardian (1821): http://www.guardian.co.uk/ http://www.guardian.co.uk/ The Daily Telegraph (1855): http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ The Financial Times (1888): http://www.ft.com/home/europe http://www.ft.com/home/europe The Independent (1986): http://www.independent.co.uk/ http://www.independent.co.uk/

9. The Qualities (i) have much longer articles (ii) they are written in depth (iii) the information is usually fairly complex and there is some attempt to give different viewpoints — although most of the papers are biased towards a conservative viewpoint (iv) the presentation is usually fairly dull, with less exaggeration (v) fewer photographs

10. The “popular” papers: (i)very short articles (ii)they are written in extremely simple English (iii)the information given is very simple and viewpoints (if included at all) are presented in black-and-white (iv)great sensationalism, with every attempt to excite the reader (v)great use is made of photographs, particularly photographs of attractive women

11. Great Britain Populars The Daily Mail (1896): http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/index. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/index. The Daily Express (1900): http://www.express.co.uk/ http://www.express.co.uk/ The Daily Mirror (1903): http://www.mirror.co.uk/ http://www.mirror.co.uk/ The Sun (1964): http://www.thesun.co.uk http://www.thesun.co.uk The Daily Star (1978): http://www.dailystar.co.uk/ http://www.dailystar.co.uk/

12. The First Amendment “Congress shall make no laws abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press.” The First Amendment was established on the premise that the US is a marketplace of ideas. All forms of ideas should be expressed, and each individual must be able to make his/her own decision about what is right and appropriate.

13. The USA Newspapers General characteristics 1. Freedom 2. Decentralization: the lack of a single political- commercial-cultural capital such as London and the US federal system 3. Localization: unlike media in most nations, US newspapers are local or, at most regional

14. The “average” US daily a) a regional or big-city daily with 50.000 to 100.000 circulation; b) gives a lot of attention to sports, comics, and recipes and not very much to world affairs or local controversies; c) balances its generally agreeable editorial pages with “op-ed” pages devoted to different views and readers’ letters. However, the “marketplace of ideas” in the average US daily ranges from A to C. (Op(posite) Ed(itorial page)

15. The Top Five daily newspapers (by circulation) The US Today: http://www.usatoday.com/ http://www.usatoday.com/ The New York Times: http://www.nyt.com http://www.nyt.com The Wall Street Journal: http://online.wsj.com/ http://online.wsj.com/ The Los Angeles Times: http://www.latimes.com http://www.latimes.com The Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/ http://www.washingtonpost.com/