1. Capitalization
All notes and practice should be in the grammar section of your notebook.

2. A proper noun names a specific person, place or thing.
PROPER NOUNS
A proper noun names a specific person, place or thing.
Martha, March, English, Newell Hospital, Chevrolet, Greek, Clearview Middle School, President Washington, New Jersey

3. A proper adjective describes a specific person, place or thing.
PROPER ADJECTIVES
A proper adjective describes a specific person, place or thing.
English class, Newell Hospital, Chevrolet cars, Greek myths, Clearview Middle School, President Washington, Reese’s candy
Exercise 4-5, pp

4. Capitalize the first word of a sentence.
Capitalizing sentences, quotations, and letter parts
RULE #1
Capitalize the first word of a sentence.
Pioneers pushed the American frontier westward.

5. Tyrone said, “The pioneers acted very bravely.”
RULE #2
Capitalize the first word of a direct quotation that is a complete sentence.
Tyrone said, “The pioneers acted very bravely.”

6. RULE #3
When a quoted sentence is interrupted by explanatory words, such as “she said”, do not begin the second part of the sentence with a capital letter.
“They left their homes,” said Lee, “so they could improve their lives.”

7. RULE #3 continued
Even if the quotation has two parts, anything that follows an end punctuation mark, like a period, is capitalized.
“Many pioneers went west for the rich farmland,” said Maria. “They also wanted to build new homes.”

8. Tanya read that many pioneers traveled in Conestoga wagons.
RULE #4
Do not capitalize an indirect quotation. An indirect quotation does not repeat a person’s exact words and does not appear in quotation marks. It is often introduced by the word that.
Tanya read that many pioneers traveled in Conestoga wagons.

9. RULE #5 Exercise 7, pp. 374-375 Dear Mrs. Johnson, Dear friend,
Capitalize the first word in the salutation and closing of a letter. Capitalize the title and name of the person addressed.
Dear Mrs. Johnson,
Dear friend,
Yours truly, Sincerely,
Exercise 7, pp

10. Capitalizing people’s names and titles Rule #1
Capitalize the names of people and the initials that stand for their names.
Meriwether Lewis
Susan B. Anthony
J. F. Cooper

11. Did Lieutenant Clark say, “Yes, Captain, I’ll go with you’?
Rule #2
Capitalize a title or an abbreviation of a title when it comes before a person’s name or when it is used instead of a name.
General Lee Sen. John Glenn
Mrs. Adams
Did Lieutenant Clark say, “Yes, Captain, I’ll go with you’?

12. Rule #2 continued
Do not capitalize a title that follows a person’s name or is used as a common noun.
Clark himself was later promoted to captain.
Thomas Jefferson, then president, planned the expedition.

13. Rule #3
Capitalize the names and abbreviations of academic degrees that follow a person’s name. Capitalize Jr. and Sr.
M. Katayama, M.D.
Jan Rangel, Ph.D.
Robert Ayers, Jr.

14. Rule #4
Capitalize words that show family relationships when used as titles or as substitutes for a person’s name.
In 1960 Dad retraced the steps of Lewis and Clark.
He was accompanied by Uncle Bill

15. Rule #4 continued Exercise 9, p. 376
**Do not capitalize words that show family relationships when they follow a possessive noun or pronoun.
Exercise 9, p. 376
Sharon’s aunt Janet wrote an article about the trip.
Possessive Noun

16. Always capitalize the pronoun I (I’d, I’ll, I’m).
Rule #5
Always capitalize the pronoun I (I’d, I’ll, I’m).
Social studies is the subject I like best.
They should NEVER get this wrong!

17. Capitalizing place names rule #1
Capitalize the names of cities, counties, states, countries, and continents.
Houston Gloucester County
Iowa Japan

18. Capitalizing place names rule #2
Capitalize the names of bodies of water and geographical features.
Mediterranean Sea Gulf of Mexico
Niagara Falls Atlantic Ocean

19. Capitalizing place names rule #3
Capitalize the names of sections of the country.
Midwest New England
the Far West

20. Capitalizing place names rule #4
Capitalize compass points when they refer to a specific section of the country.
the West Coast the North
the Southeast

21. Capitalizing place names rule #4 continued
Do not capitalize compass points when they indicate direction.
Los Angeles is south of San Francisco.
Do not capitalize adjectives derived from words indicating direction.
easterly wind western Texas

22. Capitalizing place names rule #5 continued
Capitalize the names of streets and highways.
Monroe Street Route 66
Mercury Boulevard
Candy Avenue

23. Capitalizing place names rule #6 continued
Capitalize the names of buildings, bridges, and monuments.
Chrysler Building Brooklyn Bridge
Washington Monument

24. Capitalizing place names rule #7 continued Exercise 15, p. 381-2
Capitalize the names of celestial bodies.
Pluto North Star
the Milky Way
Earth (earth=dirt=land= soil)
Exercise 15, p

25. Capitalizing other proper nouns and adjectives Rule #1
Capitalize the names of clubs, organizations, businesses, institutions, and political parties.
Data Corporation
Boy Scouts
Pepsi Bottling Corp.

26. Rule #2 Cruncho peanut butter Spiffy cleaning fluid
Capitalize brand names but not the nouns following them.
Cruncho peanut butter
Spiffy cleaning fluid

27. Rule #3 Exercise 5, p. 388 Battle of Yorktown Bronze Age
Capitalize the names of important historical events, periods of time, and documents.
Battle of Yorktown
Bronze Age
Bill of Rights
Exercise 5, p. 388

28. Rule #4 Thursday April Memorial Day summer
Capitalize names of days of the week, months of the year, and holidays. Do not capitalize names of the seasons.
Thursday
April
Memorial Day
summer

29. Rule #5 Do exercise 17, p. 383 Do exercise 18, p. 384
Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in the title of a book, play, short story, poem, essay, article, film television series, song, magazine, newspaper, and chapter of a book.
A Wrinkle in Time
“The Raven”
Washington Post
Show fanboys and house mnemonic devices.
Explain the article a, an, the.
Do exercise 17, p. 383
Do exercise 18, p. 384

30. Rule #6 Asian German Spanish English
Capitalize the names of ethnic groups, nationalities, and languages.
Asian
German
Spanish
English

31. Rule #7 Asian languages Italian food English authors
Capitalize proper adjectives that are formed from the names of ethnic groups and nationalities.
Asian languages
Italian food
English authors