3. Explain and discuss with diagrams, reflection, absorption, and refraction of light rays.Explain and discuss with diagrams, reflection, absorption, and refraction of light rays. Define and illustrate your understanding of real, virtual, erect, inverted, enlarged, and diminished as applied to images.Define and illustrate your understanding of real, virtual, erect, inverted, enlarged, and diminished as applied to images. Use geometrical optics to draw images of an object at various distances from converging and diverging mirrors.Use geometrical optics to draw images of an object at various distances from converging and diverging mirrors. Illustrate graphically the reflection of light from plane, convex, and concave mirrors.Illustrate graphically the reflection of light from plane, convex, and concave mirrors.

4. In the study of how light behaves, it is useful to use “light rays” and the fact that light travels in straight lines. When light strikes the boundary between two media, three things may happen: reflection, refraction, or absorption. reflection refraction absorption Water Air

5. Water Air Reflection: A ray from air strikes the water and returns to the air. Refraction: A ray bends into the water toward the normal line. Absorption: A ray is absorbed atomically by the water and does not reappear. reflection refraction absorption Water Air reflection refraction absorption

6. Water Air 1. The angle of inci- dence  i  is equal to the angle of reflection  r  :  i =  r ii N reflection rr All ray angles are measured with respect to normal N. 2. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal N all lie in the same plane. 3. The rays are completely reversible.

7. A mirror is a highly polished surface that forms images by uniformly reflected light. Note: images appear to be equi-distant behind mirror and are right- left reversed.

8. Object distance: The straight-line distance p from the surface of a mirror to the object. Image distance: The straight-line distance q from the surface of a mirror to the image. Object distance Image distance = p = q  i =  rObjectImage pq

9. Real images and objects are formed by actual rays of light. (Real images can be projected on a screen.) Virtual images and objects do not really exist, but only seem to be at a location. Virtual images are on the opposite side of the mirror from the incoming rays. Real object Virtual image Light raysNo light

10. Plane mirror Real object p Image appears to be at same distance behind mirror regardless of viewing angle. q Virtual image q = p

11. Plane mirror pq Image of bottom and top of guitar shows forward-back, right-left reversals. q = p Virtual image

12. A spherical mirror is formed by the inside (concave) or outside (convex) surfaces of a sphere. A concave spherical mirror is shown here with parts identified. Concave Mirror Radius of curvature R Vertex V Center of Curvature C The axis and linear aperture are shown. Linear aperture V C R Axis

13. axis rr ii R Incident parallel ray f The focal length, f The focal length f is: The focal length f is equal to half the radius R Since  i =  r, we find that F is mid- way between V and C; we find: C VF Focal point

14. For objects lo- cated at infinity, the real image appears at the focal point since rays of light are almost parallel. The focal point F for a concave mirror is the point at which all parallel light rays converge. axis Incident parallel Rays C F Focal point

15. The focal point for a convex mirror is the point F from which all parallel light rays diverge. axis C F R Incident Rays Reflected Rays Virtual focus; reflected rays diverge.

16. Ray 1: A ray parallel to mirror axis passes through the focal point of a concave mirror or appears to come from the focal point of a convex mirror. C F Convex mirror Object CF Concave mirror Object Ray 1

17. Ray 2: A ray passing through the focus of a concave mirror or proceeding toward the focus of a convex mirror is reflected parallel to the mirror axis. Concave mirror CF Ray 2 Ray 1 Image C F Convex mirror Ray 2 Ray 1 Image

18. Ray 3: A ray that proceeds along a radius is always reflected back along its original path. C F Convex mirror Concave mirror C F Ray 2 Ray 1 Ray 3 C F Ray 2 Ray 1 Image

19. An object is placed in front of a concave mirror. It is useful to trace the images as the object moves ever closer to the vertex of the mirror. We will want to locate the image and answer three questions for the possible positions: 3. Is it enlarged, diminished, or the same size? 2. Is the image real or virtual? 1. Is the image erect or inverted?

20. Concave mirror C F Ray 3 Ray 2 Ray 1 1. The image is inverted; i.e., opposite of the object orientation. 2. The image is real; i.e., formed by actual light rays in front of mirror. 3. The image is diminished in size; i.e., smaller than the object. Image is located between C and F

21. C F Ray 2 Ray 1 1. The image is inverted; i.e., opposite of the object orientation. 2. The image is real; i.e., formed by actual light rays in front of mirror. 3. The image is the same size as the object. Image is located at C, inverted. Ray 3

22. 1. The image is inverted; i.e., opposite of the object orientation. 2. The image is real; i.e., formed by actual light rays in front of mirror. 3. The image is enlarged in size; i.e., larger than the object. Image is outside of the center C C F Ray 1 Ray 3 Ray 2

23. Image is located at infinity (not formed). C F Ray 3 Reflected rays are parallel When the object is located at the focal point of the mirror, the image is not formed (or it is located at infinity). The parallel reflected rays never cross. Ray 1

24. 1. The image is erect; i.e., same orientation as the object. 2. The image is virtual; that is, it seems to be located behind mirror. 3. The image is enlarged; bigger than the object. Image is located behind the mirror C F Erect and enlarged Virtual image

25. Concave mirror C F Ray 3 Ray 2 Ray 1 C F Ray 2 Ray 1 Ray 3 C F Ray 1 Ray 3 Ray 2 C F Ray 3 Reflected rays are parallel Ray 1 C F Erect and enlarged Virtual image

26. C F Convex mirror Ray 2 Ray 1 Image All images are erect, virtual, and diminished. Images get larger as object approaches. C F Convex mirror Ray 1 2 Image gets larger as object gets closer

27. Concave mirrors and converging parallel rays will be called converging mirrors from this point onward. Convex mirrors and diverging parallel rays will be called diverging mirrors from this point onward. C F Converging Mirror Concave C F Diverging Mirror Convex

28. Reflection: A ray from air strikes the water and returns to the air. Refraction: A ray bends into the water toward the normal line. Absorption: A ray is absorbed atomically by the water and does not reappear. Water Air reflection refraction absorption

29. Water Air 1. The angle of inci- dence  i  is equal to the angle of reflection  r  :  i =  r ii N reflection rr All ray angles are measured with respect to normal N. 2. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal N all lie in the same plane. 3. The rays are completely reversible.

30. Object distance: The straight-line distance p from the surface of a mirror to the object. Image distance: The straight-line distance q from the surface of a mirror to the image. Real image: An image formed by real light rays that can be projected on a screen. Virtual image: An image that appears to be at a location where no light rays reach. Converging and diverging mirrors: Refer to the reflection of parallel rays from surface of mirror.

31. Ray 1: A ray parallel to mirror axis passes through the focal point of a concave mirror or appears to come from the focal point of a convex mirror. Ray 2: A ray passing through the focus of a concave mirror or proceeding toward the focus of a convex mirror is reflected parallel to mirror axis. Ray 3: A ray that proceeds along a radius is always reflected back along its original path.

32. For plane mirrors, the object distance equals the image distance and all images are erect and virtual. For converging mirrors and diverging mirrors, the focal length is equal to one-half the radius. All images formed from convex mirrors are erect, virtual, and diminished in size. Except for objects located inside the focus (which are erect and virtual), all images formed by converging mirrors are real and inverted.