1. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carl P. Gabbard PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation revised by Alberto Cordova, University of Texas at San Antonio Chapter 2 Heredity and Neurological Changes

2. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings What is Heredity What is Heredity? Heredity Total set of characteristics biologically transmitted from parent to offspring Genotype Total genetic inheritance Phenotype Visible expression of genotype

3. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 2.1

4. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Primary Function of Nervous System Sensory Integrative (Memory and thought) Motor

5. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basic Structure and Function Central Nervous System (CNS) Central Spinal cord and brain Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Peripheral All nerve fibers

6. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Central Nervous System Spinal Cord Brain Brain stem Cerebral cortex Basal ganglia Cerebellum Responsible for coordination and balance Figure 2.1

7. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peripheral Nervous System Somatic / Autonomic Systems Nerve fibers Afferent Efferent

8. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neurons Structure Cell body (soma) Dendrites Axon Synapse, myelin Function Afferent (in coming) Efferent (motor output) Figure 2.2

9. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neuromuscular (Motor) Unit Motor Unit A neuron and all of the muscle fibers Motor Pathways Ascending tracts Descending tracts Impulse Conduction Action potentials Figure 2.3

10. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Early Developmental Changes Cell Proliferation and changes Number of neurons and muscle cells are set by birth Migration Integration and Differentiation Myelination Cell Death Figure 2.4 Sequence of CNS development

11. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.5 Representation of Dentritic Development

12. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Average Glucose Utilization Levels in Four Areas of the Cortex Figure 2.6

13. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings An Estimated Timeline of the Myelination Process Figure 2.7

14. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 2.2

15. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Size Adult Brain Weighs about 3.5 lbs Requires 15 % of blood supply Requires 25% O 2 supply By 3 Years of Age the brain has reached 90% of adult size By 6 Years of Age the brain has reached full size

16. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Lateralization Structure Both hemispheres appear symmetrical Corpus callosum Function Each hemisphere has its own specialized functions Figure 2.8

17. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Changes with Advanced Aging Table 2.3

18. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary Heredity interacts with the environment; nature/biology is integrated with nurture/context. The nervous system’s primary functions are sensory, integration, and motor. A neuron is the basic component of the nervous system in structure and function.

19. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary CNS development consists of six biologic events. Hemispheres develop specialized functions. Latter stages of aging include basic decrease in several components and function.