1. Homework

2. Quick Quiz 1.What are the three types of conformity? 2.What are two explanations of conformity? 3.What is meant by compliance? 4.What is meant by internalisation? 5.What is meant by identification? 6.How did Zimbardo provide evidence for identification?

3. Attachment Animal studies

4. Attachment: Caregiver-infant interactions in humans AO1 Describe what Lorenz & Harlow found in animal studies of attachment AO3 Evaluate the importance of research into animal attachment formation.

5. Detailed descriptions of work with animals Usefulness- applications to human behaviour Ethical issues- harm, right to withdraw, species Method- scientific, artificial, sample, design Reliability- could be repeated?Validity- really measuring what they think they are? Lorenz (1950s)

6. Detailed descriptions of work with animals Usefulness- applications to human behaviour Ethical issues- harm, right to withdraw, species Method- scientific, artificial, sample, design Reliability- could be repeated?Validity- really measuring what they think they are? Harlow (1950s)

7. Lorenz or Harlow? IMPRINTING

8. Lorenz or Harlow? CONTACT COMFORT

9. Lorenz or Harlow?

11. Maternal deprivation

12. Lorenz or Harlow? Critical period

13. Lorenz or Harlow? Severe criticism for ethics

14. Lorenz or Harlow? Non-generalizable ideas to humans

15. Lorenz’s procedure Randomly divided a clutch of goose eggs Half the eggs were hatched with the mother goose in their natural environment The other half hatched in an incubator where the first moving object they saw was Lorenz

16. Lorenz’s findings The incubator group followed Lorenz everywhere whereas the control group hatched in the presence of their mother, followed her. When the two groups were mixed up, the control group continued to follow the mother and the experimental group followed Lorenz.

17. IMPRINTING …Whereby bird species that are mobile from birth (like geese and ducks) attach to and follow the first moving object they see. Lorenz identified a critical period in which imprinting needs to take place. Depending on the species this can be as brief as a few hours after hatching (or birth). If imprinting does not occur within that time, Lorenz found that chicks did not attach themselves to a mother figure.

18. Outline the procedure used in one study of animal attachment. (4 marks)

19. AO2: Farming Farmers have long been aware of the idea of imprinting. One common practice to ensure the survival of orphan lambs is to take the fleece from another lamb that died and wrap this around the orphan lamb. This means that the mother, whose infant lamb had died, will now look after the orphan who is motherless and no doubt would otherwise die. Question: How can you use the concept of imprinting to explain this? Imprinting is an innate readiness to acquire certain behaviours during a critical/sensitive period of development. In the case of the farmers, they are putting the orphan lamb with the mother who lost its lamb straight after birth (during the sensitive/critical period). The orphan lamb imprints on the new mother to ensure its survival.

20. Harlow’s procedure …tested the idea that a soft object serves some of the functions of a mother. In one experiment, he reared 16 baby monkeys with two wire model ‘mothers’. In one condition milk was dispensed by the plain wire mother whereas in a second condition milk was dispensed by the cloth- covered mother.

21. Harlow’s findings It was found that the baby monkeys cuddled the soft object in preference to the wire one and sought comfort from the cloth one when frightened regardless of which dispensed milk. This showed that ‘contact comfort’ was of more important to the monkeys than food when it came to attachment behaviour.

22. Maternally deprived monkeys as adults Conclusion: Did this early maternal deprivation have a permanent effect on these monkeys? Yes, severe consequences. The monkeys reared with wire mothers only were the most dysfunctional; however, even those reared with a soft toy as a substitute did not develop normal social behaviour. They were more aggressive and less sociable than other monkeys and they bred less often than is typical for monkeys, being unskilled at mating.

23. Critical period for normal development Like Lorenz, Harlow concluded that there was a critical period for this behaviour – a mother figure had to be introduced to an infant monkey within 90 days for an attachment to form. After this time attachment was impossible and the damage was done by early deprivation becomes irreversible.

24. Evaluation Generalisability