1. Timing in Thick Silicon Detectors Andrej Studen, University of Michigan, CIMA collaboration

2. Outline Motivation Timing in pad detectors Two intuitive solutions Comparison to measured data Where to go from here

3. Motivation Thick silicon detectors improve efficiency for gamma-ray detection. In a coincident setup (PET, Compton camera) good timing resolution is required. Experimental data not promising [1]. Could it be compensated by different readout strategy and bias conditions? [1] N. Clinthorne et al. Timing in Silicon Pad Detectors for Compton Cameras and High Resolution PET; IEEE NSS/MIC, Portoriko, 2006

4. Model application Silicon pad sensors used in Compton & silicon PET experiments at UofM: p + -n-n +, 256/512 pads Pad size 1.4 x 1.4 mm 2, Thickness: 1 mm, FDV: 150 V (!), ASIC: VATAGP3:  Charge sensitive pre-amplifier  CR-RC shaper with 200 ns shaping time.  Leading edge discriminator.

5. Signal formation in a pad detector Charge q moving in electric field induces current pulse on readout electrode: P-side N-side electrons holes + - Compton scattering or photo-absorption ~100 um (E gamma ) gamma-ray Recoil electron Readout electrode Signal shape depends on: Electric field Ramo field Interaction depth

6. Electric field Thickness (1mm) « lateral dimension (12/24 mm by 48 mm). P-n junction. Large field region. Charges are fast. Low field region. Charges move slowly.

7. Ramo Field Pad size ~ depth. Asymmetry. Large Ramo field. Large contribution to current pulse. Low field region. Charges contribute less.

8. Interaction depth Two regions: Near region:  Large E field,  Large Ramo,  Fast rise-time. Far region:  Small E field,  Small Ramo,  Slow rise-time. Very sensitive because of short electron path. Asymmetry of both fields works against us.

9. Example: single e-h pair at pad edge, 1.4 V FD Far region fZ=0.9 Near region fZ=0.1 Detector Trigger time shift Preamp, CR-RC; t=200 ns Leading edge trigger

10. Solution 1: Adding adjacent pads Reducing Ramo asymmetry. Noise of 9 pads added – jitter increased 3 x

11. Solution 2: Increasing bias Much shorter times w/ higher bias Often unpractical

12. Simulation overview GEANT4 used to generate “true” paths of recoil electrons 661 keV photons; 137-Cs (also measured) Voltages from 200 V -> 400 V Both single and summed pads

13. Results overview Threshold: 15 keV (experiment). Time-walk: Dominates below ~ 100 keV: Could be compensated by appropriate readout strategy. Three levels assumed for illustrative purposes.

14. Comparison to measurements Measured in Compton mode (PMT start, silicon stop; PMT timing resolution ~ 10 ns) Sharp edge Blunt edge Spurious tail

15. Comparison, U=400 V Simulation marginally better, measurement data more symmetric. Spurious tail gone.

16. Solution simulation RAMO 9 pads 200 V BIAS 400 V 1 pad

17. Latest greatest Do both!

18. Conclusions Shape of Ramo field has a significant influence on timing in thick silicon detectors. Solutions: Multi-pad readout (noise!), Different detector geometries (strips?) Different trigger strategies. Operate at higher bias voltages.

19. Backup slides subtitle

20. Illustration of depth-related trigger time variation 15 % trigger, 1.4 V FD 70 ns 60 ns 50 ns 40 ns 30 ns 20 ns Single pad9 pad sum

21. Illustration (cont’d) 15% threshold, 1.4 VFD Single Pad9 pad sum