1. Bonding Lab

2. Bonding Discussion

3. Bonding. Ionic. Covalent
Bonding Ionic Covalent Metallic Determined by difference in Electronegativity between atoms.

6. Crystalline solids (made of ions) High melting and boiling points
Ionic Compounds
Crystalline solids (made of ions)
High melting and boiling points
Conduct electricity when melted or dissolved.
Many soluble in water but not in nonpolar liquid
Covalent Compounds
Gases, liquids, or solids (made of molecules)
Low melting and boiling points
Poor electrical conductors in all phases
Many soluble in nonpolar liquids but not in water

7. Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds Structure and Function

8. Most covalent compounds have relatively low melting points and boiling points. While the ions in an ionic compound are strongly attracted to each other, covalent bonds create molecules that can separate from each other when a lower amount of energy is added to them. Therefore, molecular compounds usually have low melting and boiling points.  Covalent compounds usually have lower enthalpies of fusion and vaporization than ionic compounds. The enthalpy of fusion is the amount of energy needed, at constant pressure, to melt one mole of a solid substance. The enthalpy of vaporization is the amount of energy, at constant pressure, required to vaporize one mole of a liquid. On average, it takes only 1% to 10% as much heat to change the phase of a molecular compound as it does for an ionic compound.  Covalent compounds tend to be soft and relatively flexible. This is largely because covalent bonds are relatively flexible and easy to break. The covalent bonds in molecular compounds cause these compounds to take form as gases, liquids and soft solids. As with many properties, there are exceptions, primarily when molecular compounds assume crystalline forms. Covalent compounds tend to be more flammable than ionic compounds. Many flammable substances contain hydrogen and carbon atoms which can undergo combustion, a reaction that releases energy when the compound reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Carbon and hydrogen have comparable electronegativies so they are found together in many molecular compounds.  When dissolved in water, covalent compounds don't conduct electricity. Ions are needed to conduct electricity in an aqueous solution. Molecular compounds dissolve into molecules rather than dissociate into ions, so they typically do not conduct electricity very well when dissolved in water.  Many covalent compounds don't dissolve well in water. There are many exceptions to this rule, just as there are many salts (ionic compounds) that don't dissolve well in water. However, many covalent compounds are polar molecules that do dissolve well in a polar solvent, such as water. Examples of molecular compounds that dissolve well in water are sugar and ethanol. Examples of molecular compounds that don't dissolve well in water are oil and polymerized plastic.  Note that network solids are compounds containing covalent bonds that violate some of these "rules". Diamond, for example, consists of carbon atoms held together by covalent bonds in a crystalline structure.

9. Ionic vs. Covalent Ionic – Chlorine takes the electron from sodium.
Covalent – Two oxygen atoms share the electrons equally.

10. Ionic Bonding One metal and one non-metal.

12. Positive and negative IONS Attraction between positive and negative.

13. Positive and negative IONS Becomes brittle when the like charges line up and repel.

14. Ionic

16. Ionic

17. Nonpolar Covalent Bonding Two non-metals.

20. Covalent

22. Metallic Bonding

24. Metallic Crystal Shells overlap.

26. Malleable Ductile Heat Conductor Electrical Conductor

27. Video
Video – Metallic bonding and metallic properties

28. Polar Covalent Bonding

30. Polarity strength of 2 students tugging on a rope
Polarity strength of 2 students tugging on a rope. Tug of war with equal (covalent) strength, with offset (weak and strong polar) strength and if one completely takes the rope (ionic).

32. Polar Covalent Oxygen has higher electronegativity than Hydrogen.
The electrons spend more time closer to the Oxygen atom.

34. Summary

35. Ionic - Transfer Covalent - Equal sharing Polar Covalent - Unequal sharing

37. Polar molecules from summation of polar bonds.

38. Polar Molecules vs Polar Bonds