1. Women Engineers And Technicians In The Field Of Clinical And Biomedical Engineering Sally Goebel National Support Manager, Customer Triage Services Siemens Medical Solutions May 18, 2006

2. Prominent Women in Politics Leader of 19 nations Leader of 19 nations Mayor of 16% of US cities Mayor of 16% of US cities Current Secretary of State Current Secretary of State Currently 14 US Senators are women Currently 14 US Senators are women 31 women have served as Senators 31 women have served as Senators Currently 67 women in the House of Representatives or 15.4% Currently 67 women in the House of Representatives or 15.4% Potentially a Presidential candidate in 2008 Potentially a Presidential candidate in 2008

3. For Men Only….Not Anymore CEOs of 2.2% of US companies are women CEOs of 2.2% of US companies are women 25% of Doctors in the US are women 25% of Doctors in the US are women 17% of Lawyers in the US are women 17% of Lawyers in the US are women 12% of Armed Forces 12% of Armed Forces 60 women have died serving our country in Iraq 60 women have died serving our country in Iraq Military experience increases the number of well qualified female engineering candidates Military experience increases the number of well qualified female engineering candidates

4. But… 75% of women work because they have to… not because they choose to do so! 75% of women work because they have to… not because they choose to do so! I prefer to think that the women in our field are among the 25% that choose to work and make a difference. I prefer to think that the women in our field are among the 25% that choose to work and make a difference.

5. What Makes Biomedical And Clinical Engineering an Attractive Field Today? Aging population = more medical equipment = job security Aging population = more medical equipment = job security Advanced system design with diagnostic remote and central tools Advanced system design with diagnostic remote and central tools Analysis to module level Analysis to module level Increased component and system reliability Increased component and system reliability

6. What Makes Biomedical And Clinical Engineering an Attractive Field Today? More user interface and education Educational resources are more easily available (online) Educational resources are more easily available (online) More modalities which means more opportunities (PACS) More modalities which means more opportunities (PACS) Gratifying and fulfilling career Gratifying and fulfilling career

7. The Past From My Perspective 1984: Women in biomedical and clinical engineering were as scarce as … 1984: Women in biomedical and clinical engineering were as scarce as … 1989: Became one of the first women to direct a medical equipment maintenance program. 1989: Became one of the first women to direct a medical equipment maintenance program. 1991: First time I hired a female biomedical tech 1991: First time I hired a female biomedical tech 2001: Promoted a woman to lead Oncology tech support engineers 2001: Promoted a woman to lead Oncology tech support engineers 2006: Numerous females among my staff and colleagues 2006: Numerous females among my staff and colleagues By 2010 ??? By 2010 ???

8. The Present from My Perspective 17% of Siemens 1 st level of tech support are female 17% of Siemens 1 st level of tech support are female 23% of Siemens Sr. Managers for technical support are female 23% of Siemens Sr. Managers for technical support are female 30% of North Carolina Biomedical Association Board of Directors are female 30% of North Carolina Biomedical Association Board of Directors are female Up to 40% of applicants for tech support job openings are female Up to 40% of applicants for tech support job openings are female

9. Key Issues Impacting the Increase in Female Engineers Women’s Right to Vote in 1920 Women’s Right to Vote in 1920 Title IX of the Education Amendment in 1972 Title IX of the Education Amendment in 1972 Military Policies regarding women Military Policies regarding women Media Impact Media Impact Nurture Factor Nurture Factor

10. Impact from Legislation – Women’s Right to Vote 1788 United States of America (to stand for election) 1788 United States of America (to stand for election) 1893 New Zealand (to vote) 1893 New Zealand (to vote) 1902 Australia 1902 Australia 1906 Finland 1906 Finland 1907 Norway (to stand for election) 1907 Norway (to stand for election) 1913 Norway 1913 Norway 1915 Denmark, Iceland 1915 Denmark, Iceland 1917 Canada (to vote), Netherlands (to stand for election) 1917 Canada (to vote), Netherlands (to stand for election) 1918 Austria, Canada (to vote), Estonia, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russian Federation, United Kingdom 1918 Austria, Canada (to vote), Estonia, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russian Federation, United Kingdom

11. Impact from Legislation – Women’s Right to Vote 1919 Belarus, Belgium (to vote), Luxembourg, Netherlands (to vote), New Zealand (to stand for election), Sweden, Ukraine 1919 Belarus, Belgium (to vote), Luxembourg, Netherlands (to vote), New Zealand (to stand for election), Sweden, Ukraine 1920 Albania, Canada (to stand for election), Czech Republic, Iceland, Slovakia, United States of America (to vote) 1920 Albania, Canada (to stand for election), Czech Republic, Iceland, Slovakia, United States of America (to vote) 1921 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belgium (to stand for election), Georgia, Sweden 1921 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belgium (to stand for election), Georgia, Sweden 1924 Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Saint Lucia, Tajikistan 1924 Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Saint Lucia, Tajikistan 1927 Turkmenistan 1927 Turkmenistan 1928 Ireland, United Kingdom 1928 Ireland, United Kingdom 1929 Ecuador, Romania 1929 Ecuador, Romania

12. Impact from Legislation – Women’s Right to Vote 1930 South Africa (Whites), Turkey (to vote) 1930 South Africa (Whites), Turkey (to vote) 1931 Chile, Portugal, Spain, Sri Lanka 1931 Chile, Portugal, Spain, Sri Lanka 1932 Brazil, Maldives, Thailand, Uruguay 1932 Brazil, Maldives, Thailand, Uruguay 1934 Cuba, Portugal, Turkey (to stand for election) 1934 Cuba, Portugal, Turkey (to stand for election) 1935 Myanmar (to vote) 1935 Myanmar (to vote) 1937 Philippines 1937 Philippines 1938 Bolivia, Uzbekistan1939El Salvador (to vote) 1938 Bolivia, Uzbekistan1939El Salvador (to vote) 1941 Panama 1941 Panama

13. Impact from Legislation – Women’s Right to Vote 1942 Dominican Republic 1942 Dominican Republic 1944 Bulgaria, France, Jamaica 1944 Bulgaria, France, Jamaica 1945 Croatia, Guyana (to stand for election), Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Senegal, Slovenia, Togo 1945 Croatia, Guyana (to stand for election), Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Senegal, Slovenia, Togo 1946 Cameroon, D.P.R. of Korea, Djibouti (to vote), Guatemala, Liberia, Myanmar (to stand for election), Panama, Romania, The F.Y.R. of Macedonia, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yugoslavia 1946 Cameroon, D.P.R. of Korea, Djibouti (to vote), Guatemala, Liberia, Myanmar (to stand for election), Panama, Romania, The F.Y.R. of Macedonia, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yugoslavia 1947 Argentina, Japan, Malta, Mexico (to vote), Pakistan, Singapore 1947 Argentina, Japan, Malta, Mexico (to vote), Pakistan, Singapore

14. Impact from Legislation – Women’s Right to Vote 1948 Belgium, Israel, Niger, Republic of Korea, Seychelles, Suriname 1949 Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Syrian Arab Republic (to vote) 1950 Barbados, Canada (to vote), Haiti, India 1951 Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Nepal, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1952 Bolivia, Côte d'Ivoire, Greece, Lebanon 1953 Bhutan, Guyana (to vote), Mexico (to stand for election), Syrian Arab Republic 1954 Belize, Colombia, Ghana

15. Impact from Legislation – Women’s Right to Vote 1955 Cambodia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru 1956 Benin, Comoros, Egypt, Gabon, Mali, Mauritius, Somalia 1957 Malaysia, Zimbabwe (to vote) 1958 Burkina Faso, Chad, Guinea, Lao P.D.R., Nigeria (South) 1959 Madagascar, San Marino (to vote), Tunisia, United Republic of Tanzania 1960 Canada (to stand for election), Cyprus, Gambia, Tonga 1961 Bahamas, Burundi, El Salvador (to stand for election), Malawi, Mauritania, Paraguay, Rwanda, Sierra Leone

16. Impact from Legislation – Women’s Right to Vote 1962 Algeria, Australia, Monaco, Uganda, Zambia 1962 Algeria, Australia, Monaco, Uganda, Zambia 1963 Afghanistan, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Kenya, Morocco, Papua New Guinea (to stand for election) 1963 Afghanistan, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Kenya, Morocco, Papua New Guinea (to stand for election) 1964 Bahamas, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Papua New Guinea (to vote), Sudan 1964 Bahamas, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Papua New Guinea (to vote), Sudan 1965 Bostwana, Lesotho 1965 Bostwana, Lesotho 1967 Democratic Republic of the Congo (to vote), Ecuador, Kiribati, Tuvalu, Yemen (D.P. R.) 1967 Democratic Republic of the Congo (to vote), Ecuador, Kiribati, Tuvalu, Yemen (D.P. R.) 1968 Nauru, Swaziland 1968 Nauru, Swaziland 1970 Andorra (to vote), Democratic Republic of the Congo (to stand for election), Yemen (Arab Republic) 1970 Andorra (to vote), Democratic Republic of the Congo (to stand for election), Yemen (Arab Republic)

17. Impact from Legislation – Women’s Right to Vote 1971 Switzerland 1971 Switzerland 1972 Bangladesh 1972 Bangladesh 1973 Andorra (to stand for election), Bahrain, San Marino (to stand for election) 1973 Andorra (to stand for election), Bahrain, San Marino (to stand for election) 1974 Jordan, Solomon Islands 1974 Jordan, Solomon Islands 1975 Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Sao Tome and Principe, Vanuatu1 1975 Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Sao Tome and Principe, Vanuatu1 1976 Portugal 1976 Portugal 1977 Guinea Bissau 1977 Guinea Bissau 1978 Nigeria (North), Republic of Moldova, Zimbabwe (to stand for election) 1978 Nigeria (North), Republic of Moldova, Zimbabwe (to stand for election)

18. Impact from Legislation – Women’s Right to Vote 1979 Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Fed. States), Palau 1980 Iraq, Vanuatul 1979 Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Fed. States), Palau 1980 Iraq, Vanuatul 1984 Liechtenstein, South Africa (Coloureds + Indians) 1984 Liechtenstein, South Africa (Coloureds + Indians) 1986 Central African Republic, Djibouti (to stand for election) 1986 Central African Republic, Djibouti (to stand for election) 1989 Namibia 1989 Namibia 1990 Samoa 1990 Samoa 1993 Kazakhstan, Republic of Moldova 1993 Kazakhstan, Republic of Moldova 1994 South Africa (Blacks) 1994 South Africa (Blacks) 2005 Kuwait 2005 Kuwait

19. Impact from Legislation – Title IX of the Education Amendment Radically increased opportunities for females to participate in team sports Radically increased opportunities for females to participate in team sports More scholarship opportunities for females More scholarship opportunities for females Definite improvement in teamwork mentality for females Definite improvement in teamwork mentality for females

20. Impact from Military Policies Radically increased opportunities for females to participate in team sports Radically increased opportunities for females to participate in team sports More scholarship opportunities for females More scholarship opportunities for females Definite improvement in teamwork mentality for females Definite improvement in teamwork mentality for females

21. Impact of US Military Policies 1947 1947 Congress passes the Army-Navy Nurse Act which: Congress passes the Army-Navy Nurse Act which: Establishes the Army Nurse Corps and the Navy Nurse Corps as permanent staff corps of the regular Army and Navy. Establishes the Army Nurse Corps and the Navy Nurse Corps as permanent staff corps of the regular Army and Navy. Integrates nurses into the officer ranks of the regular Army and Navy with Lieutenant Colonel/Commander as the highest permanent ranks. Nurse Corps directors are authorized to hold the temporary rank of Colonel/Captain. Integrates nurses into the officer ranks of the regular Army and Navy with Lieutenant Colonel/Commander as the highest permanent ranks. Nurse Corps directors are authorized to hold the temporary rank of Colonel/Captain.

22. Impact of US Military Policies 1948 1948 Congress passes the Women’s Armed Services Integration Act. Congress passes the Women’s Armed Services Integration Act. Women are eligible to serve in the regular active peacetime forces under the following conditions: Women are eligible to serve in the regular active peacetime forces under the following conditions: Women can constitute no more than 2 percent of the total force. Women can constitute no more than 2 percent of the total force. The number of women officers can total no more than 10 percent of the 2 percent. The number of women officers can total no more than 10 percent of the 2 percent. Promotion of women officers is capped above paygrade 0-3 (Captain/Lieutenant). Promotion of women officers is capped above paygrade 0-3 (Captain/Lieutenant). Pay grade 0-5 (Lieutenant Colonel/ Commander) is the highest permanent rank women can obtain. Women serving as directors of WACs, WAVES, WAFs, and Pay grade 0-5 (Lieutenant Colonel/ Commander) is the highest permanent rank women can obtain. Women serving as directors of WACs, WAVES, WAFs, and Women Marines are temporarily promoted to paygrade 0-6 (Colonel/Captain). Women Marines are temporarily promoted to paygrade 0-6 (Colonel/Captain). Women are barred from serving aboard Navy vessels (except hospital ships and certain transports) and from duty in combat aircraft engaged in combat missions. Women are barred from serving aboard Navy vessels (except hospital ships and certain transports) and from duty in combat aircraft engaged in combat missions. Women are denied spousal benefits for their husbands unless they depend on their wives for over 50 percent of their support. over men. Women are denied spousal benefits for their husbands unless they depend on their wives for over 50 percent of their support. over men. The Coast Guard is not included in this legislation, but a few SPARS remain in Women's Coast Guard Reserve. The Coast Guard is not included in this legislation, but a few SPARS remain in Women's Coast Guard Reserve.

23. Impact of US Military Policies 1951 The Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services (DACOWITS) is created. The Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services (DACOWITS) is created. Executive Order 10240 authorizes the services to discharge any woman who becomes pregnant or a parent by adoption, or who has a minor child/stepchild at home at least thirty days a year. Executive Order 10240 authorizes the services to discharge any woman who becomes pregnant or a parent by adoption, or who has a minor child/stepchild at home at least thirty days a year.1967 The Women’s Armed Services Integration Act is modified by P.L. 90-130: The Women’s Armed Services Integration Act is modified by P.L. 90-130: The 2-percent ceiling on women’s numbers is lifted. The 2-percent ceiling on women’s numbers is lifted. The caps on officer promotions above pay grade 0-3 are removed and women become eligible for permanent promotion to pay grade 0-6. The caps on officer promotions above pay grade 0-3 are removed and women become eligible for permanent promotion to pay grade 0-6. Women become eligible for Flag/General Officer rank. Women's Coast Guard Reserve. Women become eligible for Flag/General Officer rank. Women's Coast Guard Reserve. 1971 1971 The Air Force allows pregnant women to request a waiver of the automatic discharge The Air Force allows pregnant women to request a waiver of the automatic discharge policy. The Air Force also changes recruiting rules to allow the enlistment of women policy. The Air Force also changes recruiting rules to allow the enlistment of women with children—the first service to do so. with children—the first service to do so.

24. Impact of US Military Policies 1969 The Air Force opens ROTC to women. The Air Force opens ROTC to women. The Joint Armed Forces Staff College admits women. Promotion of women officers is capped above pay grade 0-3 (Captain/Lieutenant). The Joint Armed Forces Staff College admits women. Promotion of women officers is capped above pay grade 0-3 (Captain/Lieutenant). Pay grade 0-5 (Lieutenant Colonel/ Commander) is the highest permanent rank women can obtain. Women serving as directors of WACs, WAVES, WAFs, and Pay grade 0-5 (Lieutenant Colonel/ Commander) is the highest permanent rank women can obtain. Women serving as directors of WACs, WAVES, WAFs, and Women Marines are temporarily promoted to pay grade 0-6 (Colonel/Captain). Women Marines are temporarily promoted to pay grade 0-6 (Colonel/Captain). Women are barred from serving aboard Navy vessels (except hospital ships and certain transports) and from duty in combat aircraft engaged in combat missions. Women are barred from serving aboard Navy vessels (except hospital ships and certain transports) and from duty in combat aircraft engaged in combat missions. Women are denied spousal benefits for their husbands unless they depend on their wives for over 50 percent of their support. over men. Women are denied spousal benefits for their husbands unless they depend on their wives for over 50 percent of their support. over men. The Coast Guard is not included in this legislation, but a few SPARS remain in Women's Coast Guard Reserve. The Coast Guard is not included in this legislation, but a few SPARS remain in Women's Coast Guard Reserve.

25. Impact of US Military Policies 1972 Frontiero v. Richardson—This Supreme Court decision strikes down the differences between men and women with respect to dependent’s benefits. Frontiero v. Richardson—This Supreme Court decision strikes down the differences between men and women with respect to dependent’s benefits. The Army opens ROTC to women. The Army opens ROTC to women. Chief of Naval Operations Elmo Zumwalt issues a directive, Z-116, which: Chief of Naval Operations Elmo Zumwalt issues a directive, Z-116, which: Suspends restrictions on women succeeding to command ashore. Suspends restrictions on women succeeding to command ashore. Authorizes limited entry of women into all enlisted ratings. Authorizes limited entry of women into all enlisted ratings. Opens assignment aboard the hospital ship USS Sanctuary to all women. Opens assignment aboard the hospital ship USS Sanctuary to all women. Allows women officers into additional occupational fields such as intelligence, cryptology, Allows women officers into additional occupational fields such as intelligence, cryptology, public affairs, and maintenance. public affairs, and maintenance. Opens the Chaplain Corps and Civil Engineering Corps to women. Opens the Chaplain Corps and Civil Engineering Corps to women. Opens Navy ROTC to women. Opens Navy ROTC to women. Allows women to be selected for war college. Allows women to be selected for war college.1973 The draft ends with the expiration of the Selective Service Act. As the era of the All- Volunteer Force starts, recruiting goals for women begin to increase. The draft ends with the expiration of the Selective Service Act. As the era of the All- Volunteer Force starts, recruiting goals for women begin to increase. Navy women become eligible for aviation duty in noncombat aircraft. Navy women become eligible for aviation duty in noncombat aircraft. The Coast Guard begins accepting women for regular active duty. The Coast Guard begins accepting women for regular active duty.1974 Army women become eligible for aviation duty in noncombat aircraft. Army women become eligible for aviation duty in noncombat aircraft.

26. Impact of US Military Policies 2002 The Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) allows the DACOWITS charter to expire and issues a new charter which reduces by over half the number of committee members and modifies the committee’s mission. Among the changes is the addition of family matters to the list of issues within the purview of DACOWITS. The Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) allows the DACOWITS charter to expire and issues a new charter which reduces by over half the number of committee members and modifies the committee’s mission. Among the changes is the addition of family matters to the list of issues within the purview of DACOWITS. The Army decides to remove all eight women soldiers from its first Reconnaissance, Surveillance, The Army decides to remove all eight women soldiers from its first Reconnaissance, Surveillance, Target Acquisition (RSTA) squadron. RSTA squadrons are expected to be part of the Army’s planned fast-deploying combat brigades. Target Acquisition (RSTA) squadron. RSTA squadrons are expected to be part of the Army’s planned fast-deploying combat brigades. A woman Marine is the first American military woman killed in theater in Afghanistan. She was one of several Marines killed in the crash of a military aircraft. A woman Marine is the first American military woman killed in theater in Afghanistan. She was one of several Marines killed in the crash of a military aircraft. The FY 2003 Defense Authorizations Act forbids military commanders from requiring (or strongly suggesting) the wearing of the abaya by military women serving in Saudi Arabia. The FY 2003 Defense Authorizations Act forbids military commanders from requiring (or strongly suggesting) the wearing of the abaya by military women serving in Saudi Arabia. The Act also requires the Department of Defense to submit an annual report on the status of women in the services. The Act also requires the Department of Defense to submit an annual report on the status of women in the services.2003 Schwartz v. Rascon filed in U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts challenges the males-only provision for Selective Service registration. Schwartz v. Rascon filed in U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts challenges the males-only provision for Selective Service registration. Over 25,400 women deploy in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. One woman iskilled and two are taken as prisoners of war. Over 25,400 women deploy in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. One woman iskilled and two are taken as prisoners of war.

27. Media Impact Editor of 24 X 7 Editor of 24 X 7 President of ACCE President of ACCE

28. The Nurture Factor Characteristics of a successful biomedical or clinical engineer: Sensitivity and empathy with the ultimate customer Sensitivity and empathy with the ultimate customer Ability to see the Ceiling View Ability to see the Ceiling View Great Sense of Urgency Great Sense of Urgency Good technical and mechanical analysis skills Good technical and mechanical analysis skills

29. The Pace The times, they are a changing, but not fast enough The times, they are a changing, but not fast enough In 1979, My first electronics class contained 30% women which did not prove to be typical In 1979, My first electronics class contained 30% women which did not prove to be typical The industry overall is at best 10% The industry overall is at best 10% Keep the faith Keep the faith

30. Climate Control The workplace is much more diverse today The workplace is much more diverse today Sexual harassment laws have truly changed the environment for technicians and engineers. Sexual harassment laws have truly changed the environment for technicians and engineers. Women are exposed to technology at an earlier age Women are exposed to technology at an earlier age Old assumptions, such as “girls are not good at math”, have all but disappeared. Old assumptions, such as “girls are not good at math”, have all but disappeared.

31. Customer Service/ Tech Knowledge 50/50 ? Low Success Rate ExcellentGoodFairPoor ExcellentGoodFairPoor Technical Skills x x Customer Service Skills x x Mid Success Rate ExcellentGoodFairPoor ExcellentGoodFairPoor Technical Skills x x Customer Service Skills x x

32. Customer Service/ Tech Knowledge 50/50 ? Mid-High Success Rate ExcellentGoodFairPoor ExcellentGoodFairPoor Technical Skills x x Customer Service Skills x x Higher Success Rate Excellent Success Rate ExcellentGoodFairPoor ExcellentGoodFairPoor Technical Skills x x Customer Service Skills x x

33. Looking Forward

34. Girl’s scholastic performance Girl’s scholastic performance has steadily improved in the last few decades, particularly in math and science. has steadily improved in the last few decades, particularly in math and science. There is an increased interest in math and engineering among schoolgirls There is an increased interest in math and engineering among schoolgirls More female engineers graduate each year More female engineers graduate each year The aging population will create more demand and opportunities in the field The aging population will create more demand and opportunities in the field

35. Thank you all for listening! Questions?