1. Ecosystem services in China March 14, 2013 Brian E Robinson, PhD University of Minnesota

2. National ecosystem service policies

3. Sloping Land Conversion Program Yunnan National

4. Forest Ecosystem Compensation Fund National

5. Ecosystem Function Conservation Areas National

6. Regional ecosystem service policies

7. Ecosystem service-related programs in: Water-related services (Bennett, 2009) Regional

8. Ecosystem service-related programs in: Water-related services (Bennett, 2009) Emissions-trading /“exchange” Soil conservation Eco-agricultural Regional

9. Ecosystem service-related programs in: Water-related services (Bennett, 2009) Emissions-trading /“exchange” Soil conservation Eco-agricultural Ecological migration Regional

10. Miyun River Watershed Regional Example

11. Miyun River Watershed

13. Only surface water source for Beijing

14. Miyun Watershed Two major water systems (Chao & Bai Rivers) 15,800 km 2 (> Connecticut) Mountains, forest, Great Wall of China Shared governance – Beijing: 1/4 land area, 20 townships – Hebei: 3/4 in land area, 42 townships

15. Declining inflow 19482008 1.8 M 0.2 M Stresses on the reservoir Increasing population

16. Stresses on the reservoir Increasing nutrient pollution Total nitrogen concentration (mg/L) Industrial effluent Wastewater Agricultural runoff

17. Livelihoods are limited to protect reservoir Mining all iron 47 mines closed in 2000 Aquaculture no in-reservoir cage fishing from 2003 Agriculture shift from grain to fruit trees; shift from chemical to organic fertilizer; eliminate rice paddies Tourism no activities in protection zones (Peisert, Sternfeld 2005; Regele 2008; Kröger et al 2012)

18. Ongoing efforts in Miyun 1.“Paddy land to dry land” conversion program 2.Distribution of costs and benefits

19. Program goal: increase water yield & improve water quality Enrolled 7000+ ha of ag land Payment $1100 - $1300 USD per ha per year http://www.chinadiscover.org/http://www.thehindu.com 1. Paddy land conversion program

20. Step A: BENEFITS changes in water yield and nitrogen concentrations to the reservoir Step B: COSTS Payment to farmers, net changes in ag production (rice – corn) Programmatic costs Step C: LIVELIHOOD IMPACTS Difference-in-difference estimates of household livelihood changes (compare participants and non- participants) 2000 Paddy land 2000 Land Use

21. 1. Paddy land conversion program Costs and benefits of the program

22. 1. Paddy land conversion program Livelihood outcomes Income source Is there a difference between participants and non participants? All income 22,728*** Agricultural income -1450*** Non farm income 1089*** Migrant income 5485***

23. 1. Paddy land conversion program Livelihood outcomes Expenditures Is there a difference between participants and non participants? Corn inputs (eg, fertilizer) 525*** Agricultural equipment (tractors, animals) -0.03*** Education 994*** Natural resources (wood, coal, LPG) 105*** Material assets (washer, motorcycle, fridge, car, TV) 0.19***

24. How can Beijing effectively secure access to water, and how are various populations affected? 2. Distribution of ES costs & benefits

25. Step A: estimate changes in ES during 1990-2000 & 2000-2009 2. Distribution of ES costs & benefits 1990-2000 2000-2009 Rural consumption Urban consumption Agricultural value Carbon LOCAL TOTAL - 0 +

26. Step B: estimate the value of future improvements (RIOS) 2. Distribution of ES costs & benefits

27. Step B: estimate the value of future improvements (RIOS) 2. Distribution of ES costs & benefits What activities help improve water security?

28. Step B: estimate the value of future improvements (RIOS) 2. Distribution of ES costs & benefits What activities help improve water security? Where should these activities take place?

29. Step B: estimate the value of future improvements (RIOS) 2. Distribution of ES costs & benefits What activities help improve water security? Where should these activities take place? Who bears the costs of implementation?

30. Step B: estimate the value of future improvements (RIOS) 2. Distribution of ES costs & benefits What activities help improve water security? Where should these activities take place? Who bears the costs of implementation? Who benefits from the changes?

31. Ongoing work planned in Hainan Island

32. Brian E. Robinson brobinson@umn.edu