1. Ch. 15 Evolution p. 418 - 441

2. 15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection p. 418 – 422

3. Main Idea Charles Darwin developed a theory of evolution based on natural selection.

4. What was the primary mission of the Beagle? To survey the coast of South America

5. What did Darwin make collections of? Rocks, fossils, plants and animals

6. What did Darwin notice as he made collections of the animals in the Galapagos Islands? He noticed that the different islands seemed to have their own, slightly different varieties of animals

7. What are two examples of when artifical selection occurs? When breeding dogs When new strains of crops

8. What was interesting about almost every specimen that Darwin collected in the Galapagos? It was new to European scientists

9. What did Darwin hypothesize? New species could appear gradually through small changes in ancestrial species

10. What did Darwin reason from the economist Malthus’ ideas? That some competitors in the struggle for existence would be better equipped for survival than others Those less equipped would die

11. What are the four basic principles of Darwin’s theory? 1. Individuals in a population show differences, or variances 2. Variations can be inherited 3. Organisms have more offspring than can survive on available resources 4. Variations that increase reproductive success will have a greater chance of being passed on

12. Visualizing Natural Selection: give an example of how a sunflower population exhibits the for principles of natural selection Variation – some sunflowers are taller than others Heritability – tall sunflowers produce tall sunflowers; short sunflowers produce short sunflowers Overproduction – each sunflower has hundreds of seeds, most of them will not germinate Reproductive advantage – shorter sunflowers reproduce more successfully

13. Evolution Cumulative changes in groups of organisms through time

14. How does the term evolution relate to natural selection? Natural selection is a means of explaining how evolution works

15. 15.2 Evidence of Evolution p. 423-430

16. Main Idea Multiple lines of evidence support the theory of evolution

17. What did On the Origin of Species demonstrate? How natural selection might operate

18. What also did it provide? Evidence that evolution has occurred on our planet

19. What does a theory explain? How some aspect of the natural world operates

20. What does the theory of evolution state? It states that all organisms on Earth have descended from a common ancestor.

21. What do fossils provide? A record of species that lived long ago

22. Why is the fossil record important? It is an important source of information for determining the ancestry of organism and the patterns of evolution.

23. What is a transitional fossil? A fossil that contain features shared by different species

24. Derived trait Newly evolved features, such as feathers, that do not appear in the fossils of common ancestors

25. Ancestral trait More primitive features, such as teeth and tails, that do appear in ancestral forms

26. Homologous structures Anatomically similar structures inherited from a common ancestor

27. Give an example of homologous structures Bird wings and reptile limbs They are similar shape and construction, indicating that they were inherited from a common ancestor

28. Vestigial structures Structures that are reduced forms of functional structures in other organisms

29. Give an example of vestigial structures: Snake pelvis – attachment point for legs and is non functional in animal without legs Kiwi wings – too small to be of any use in flight Human appendix – important in many mammals, but of limited use in humans and some apes

30. Embryo An early, pre-birth stage of an organism’s development

31. Biogeography Study of the distribution of plants and animals around the world

32. What are the 5 topics that offer evidence for evolution: 1.Fossil record 2.Comparative anatomy 3.Comparative embryology 4.Comparative biochemistry 5.Geographical distribution

33. What is an adaptation? A trait shaped by natural selection that increases an organism’s reproductive success.

34. Fitness A measure of the relative contribution an individual trait makes to the next generation.

35. The better an organism is adapted to its environment, the greater its chances of survival and reproductive success.

36. Camouflauge Morphological (form & structure) adaptations that allow them to blend in with their environments

47. Mimicry A morphological adaptation where one species evolves to resemble another species