2. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE All living things use energy How do living things get and use energy ? Through a process called The Carbon Dioxide/Oxygen Cycle Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are parts of this cycle

3. Cell Energy (Photosynthesis and Respiration) Notes Energy: Energy for living things comes from food. Originally, the energy in food comes from the sun.

4. Organisms that use light energy from the sun to produce food—autotrophs (auto = self) Ex: plants and some microorganisms (some bacteria and protists)

5. Organisms that CANNOT use the sun’s energy to make food—heterotrophs Ex: animals and most microorganisms

6. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Definition: THE PROCESS BY WHICH PRODUCERS USE LIGHT, WATER, AND CARBON DIOXIDE TO MAKE GLUCOSE (food), OXYGEN, AND MAKE THE SUN’S ENERGY AVAILABLE TO ALL LIVING THINGS.

7. HOW DO THE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS ENTER THE PLANT??? Carbon Dioxide – enters the plant through a pore called a STOMATA. Water – enters the plant through the roots and is carried up the stem by the XYLEM. Water leaves the plant through the STOMATA.

8. WHERE DOES PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKE PLACE??? IN THE LEAVES, SPECIFICALLY IN THE CHLOROPLASTS!!!!

9. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plants

10. Parts of a Chloroplast Granum Thylakoid (single sac) Stroma (fluid) Inner Membrane Outer Membrane

11. Light absorbing compound is a pigment—pigments absorb some wavelengths of light and reflect others— the color our eyes see is the color that the pigment reflects.

12. Chlorophyll is the pigment inside the chloroplast the absorbs light for photosynthesis. As the chlorophyll in leaves decays in the autumn, the green color fades and is replaced by the oranges and reds of carotenoids.

13. Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is the process by which the energy of sunlight is converted into the energy of glucose

14. SUGAR PRODUCED IS CALLED GLUCOSE C 6 H 12 0 6 CO 2 H2OH2O O 2 IS A WASTE PRODUCT

15. What exactly IS photosynthesis??? A CHEMICAL REACTION!!!!!!! SO, PLANTS CHANGE WATER, CO 2, AND SUNLIGHT INTO NEW SUBSTANCES!!! Photosynthesis

16. If you were making a cake, what would the… Reactants be? flour, eggs, sugar, water, etc. Product be? a cake!

17. The chemical reaction looks like this: carbon dioxide + water + sunlight  glucose + oxygen 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + Energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 Remember, THE BONDS that hold GLUCOSE together CONTAIN THE ENERGY FROM THE SUN AND ARE STORED FOR LATER USE BY THE PLANT........................

18. General formula for photosynthesis : carbon dioxide + water + light glucose + oxygen 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

19. Photosynthesis Equation: Sunlight + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 carbon dioxide water sugar (glucose) oxygen

20. Photosynthesis Chemical Equation: Sunlight + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O = C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 carbon dioxide water sugar (glucose) oxygen Reactants “what is used” Products “what is made”

21. Diagram Reactants Products Light H2OH2OCO 2 O2O2 C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose Chloroplast Light Dependent Reaction Calvin Cycle NADP+ ADP + P ATP NADPH

22. Summary: Light Dependent Reaction—H 2 O is broken down and light energy is stored temporarily in ATP and NADPH. Light Independent Reaction a.k.a. Calvin Cycle—energy is transferred from ATP and NADPH to the organic compound glucose.

23. Photosynthesis Light-Dependent Reaction Light-Independent Reaction AKA Calvin Cycle - Occurs in thylakoid membrane - sunlight is required - O 2 is produced from water - Occurs in stroma - sunlight is NOT required -Glucose is produced from CO 2

24. Photosynthesis: This is the chemical reaction on Earth which allows the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to remain constant. Photosynthesis removes 60 million tons of carbon dioxide from the air each year. It occurs in all green plants on the surface of the Earth and also in the algae (seaweed) and in plankton (unicellular organisms) living near the surface of bodies of water (such as the ocean).

25. Finally, photosynthesis is the only way our planet can regenerate oxygen gas (O2) for respiration of living things. Without oxygen to breathe, aerobic life would not exist. Oxygen is the product of photosynthesis. Without oxygen, all animal and human life (including oxygen loving decomposing bacteria) would die. Oxygen is used by living things to break down food so that energy can be released. Without oxygen gas, nothing would be able to burn.

26. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE All living things use energy How do living things get and use energy ? Through a process called The Carbon Dioxide/Oxygen Cycle Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are parts of this cycle

27. How do CONSUMERS or HETERTROPHS obtain their energy??? By a process called CELLULAR RESPIRATION… DEFINITION: Cellular Respiration is the process used by living cells to break down sugar molecules (glucose) that living things obtain when they consume. ATP Energy is then released from the glucose during this process.

28. Cellular Respiration: (2 kinds—Aerobic and Anaerobic) Cellular respiration is the process by which the energy of glucose is released in the cell to be used for life processes (movement, breathing, blood circulation, etc…).

29. Cells require a constant source of energy for life processes but keep only a small amount of ATP on hand. Cells can regenerate ATP as needed by using the energy stored in foods like glucose. The energy stored in glucose by photosynthesis is released by cellular respiration and repackaged into the energy of ATP.

30. AdenineRibose 3 Phosphate groups Cell Energy: Cells usable source of energy is called ATP ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate

31. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Materials: Glucose and Oxygen go to the mitochondria of a cell. Energy is released from food in the mitochondria. Oxygen is the key that unlocks the energy.

32. Pathway of Glucose to Your Cells Food containing glucose goes to your stomach and small intestines where food is digested. The glucose is absorbed through the walls of the small intestines. The blood carries the glucose to your cells for cellular respiration to occur.

33. Pathway of Oxygen to Your Cells At the same time glucose is being delivered to cells, oxygen is breathed in the lungs, picked up by the red blood cells, and transported to every cell in the body.

34. Respiration occurs in ALL cells and can take place either with or without oxygen present.

35. Aerobic Respiration: requires oxygen Occurs in the mitochondria of the cell Total of 36 ATP molecules produced General formula for aerobic respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6 CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36 ATP glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy Human cells contain a specialized structure – the mitochondrion – that generates energy.

36. Summary: 3 steps: 1 st glycolysis 2 nd Krebs cycle 3 rd Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

37. Anaerobic Respiration: occurs when no oxygen is available to the cell (2 kinds: Alcoholic and Lactic Acid) Also called fermentation Much less ATP produced than in aerobic respiration

38. Alcoholic fermentation—occurs in bacteria and yeast Process used in the baking and brewing industry—yeast produces CO 2 gas during fermentation to make dough rise and give bread its holes glucose ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP

39. Lactic acid fermentation—occurs in muscle cells Lactic acid is produced in the muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues—causes burning sensation in muscles glucose lactic acid + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP

40. glycolysis Anaerobic Respiration Alcoholic fermentation Bacteria, Yeast 2 ATP Lactic acid fermentation Muscle cells 2 ATP Aerobic Respiration 36 ATP ETC Mitochondria Krebs Cycle Cytoplasm Diagram C 6 H 12 O 6 glucose

41. Where does it take place??? IN EVERY SINGLE CELL, SPECIFICALLY IN THE MITOCHONDRIA !!!

42. C 6 H 12 0 6 O2O2 H20H20 CO 2 ENERGY RELEASED Water and carbon dioxide are waste products

43. Diagram Glucose Glycolysis Electron Transport Chain 2 Krebs Cycle Mitochondria In Cytoplasm 232 Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2

44. What exactly IS respiration??? A CHEMICAL REACTION!!! ALL organisms change glucose and oxygen to useable energy called ATP-energy, CO 2, and Water… New substances with NEW properties!

45. This chemical reaction involves oxygen and results in the production of ATP energy, carbon dioxide and water: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2  6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP Energy glucose oxygen carbonwater energy dioxide

46. What exactly IS respiration??? A CHEMICAL REACTION!!! ALL organisms change glucose and oxygen to useable energy called ATP-energy, CO 2, and Water… New substances with NEW properties!

47. This chemical reaction involves oxygen and results in the production of ATP energy, carbon dioxide and water: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2  6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP Energy glucose oxygen carbonwater energy dioxide

51. So, the reactions for photosynthesis and respiration are OPPOSITES of one another. The products of one are the reactants for the other. The equations look like this: carbon dioxide + water + sunlight  glucose + oxygen 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + Energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 reactantsproducts glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ATP energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2  6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP Energy reactants products

52. Counting Atoms in Photosynthesis

53. Counting Atoms in Cellular Respiration

55. 1.Name this cycle in nature. 2.What two processes are going on in this picture?