1. THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT Objective: Demonstrate the particle nature of light by discussing photoelectric effect. Albert EinsteinTM HUJ, www.albert-einstein.netwww.albert-einstein.net

2. How does a solar panel work?

3. Photoelectric effect

4. When red light is incident on a clean metal surface: no electrons are released, no electrons are released, however long light is shone onto it, however long light is shone onto it, however intense the light source is. however intense the light source is. Clean metal surface

5. When UV light is incident on a clean metal surface: electrons are released instantaneously, however weak the light source. Clean metal surface UV light

6. Classically this cannot be explained because: If red light is shone onto the metal surface for long enough some electrons should gain sufficient energy to enable them to escape.

7. Einstein put forward a theory: Light energy is quantised. Light consists of a stream of particles called photons. The energy of each photon ( E ) depends on the frequency ( f ) of the light.

8. Frequency increasing

9. Red light photons therefore than violet light photons and even less than UV photons Photon energy

10. GIVES ALL ITS ENERGY TO ONE ELECTRON e ONE PHOTON

11. eeeeeee surface electrons Clean metal surface A photon of red light gives an electron insufficient energy to enable it to escape from the surface of the metal. Red light photon No electrons are released from the metal surface

12. eeeeeee surface electrons Clean metal surface A photon of UV light gives an electron sufficient energy to enable it to escape from the surface of the metal. UV photon Electrons are released instantaneously. Each photon releases an electron This is called photoemission.

13. © Copyright Cheltenham Computer Training 1995-2000 Einstein’s Theory Light remains in the packets (photons) described by Planck –A beam of light is a stream of particles, each having energy = hf When a photon collides with an electron, it must either be: –Reflected with no loss of energy –Absorbed, transferring all its energy to the electron

14. © Copyright Cheltenham Computer Training 1995-2000 Conditions for the Photoelectric Effect 1.Emission only occurs if the frequency is above a minimum value – the threshold frequency f 0 2.Emission starts as soon as the radiation falls on the surface 3.The number of electrons emitted is proportional to the brightness of the light 4.Electrons have varying K – up to a maximum which depends on the frequency of the radiation 5.The K of the electrons is independent of the brightness of the light

15. © Copyright Cheltenham Computer Training 1995-2000 1.Emission only occurs if the frequency is above a minimum value – the threshold frequency f 0 –Classical Mechanics: No explanation can be made using the wave theory –Quantum Mechanics: Electrons will only be emitted if the photons have enough energy to release them from the surface. The energy required is the work function  (where  = hf 0 ). Below this frequency no photons have enough energy, so no electrons are emitted.

16. © Copyright Cheltenham Computer Training 1995-2000 2.Emission starts as soon as the radiation falls on the surface − Classical Mechanics: At low brightness the energy would be spread out across the wavefront, and it would be some time before any electron receives enough energy to escape from the surface − Quantum Mechanics: If the frequency is above f 0 the first photon to arrive has enough energy so it may cause the emission of an electron

17. © Copyright Cheltenham Computer Training 1995-2000 3.The number of electrons emitted is proportional to the brightness of the light − Classical Mechanics: An increase in brightness would be expected to increase the energy of the emitted electrons, not to increase the number − Quantum Mechanics: The brighter the light, the more photons that arrive. Each photon is capable of emitting an electron

18. © Copyright Cheltenham Computer Training 1995-2000 4.Electrons have varying K – up to a maximum which depends on the frequency of the radiation –Classical Mechanics: No explanation can be made using the wave theory –Quantum Mechanics: The K of the electrons can be up to hf -  the photon energy minus the work function. Most will have less than this as they lose energy in collisions as they exit the surface

19. © Copyright Cheltenham Computer Training 1995-2000 5.The K of the electrons is independent of the brightness of the light − Classical Mechanics: An increase in brightness would be expected to increase the energy of the emitted electrons. − Quantum Mechanics: Brighter lights mean more photons, but not more energetic photons, so the energy of the emitted electrons does not increase

20. © Copyright Cheltenham Computer Training 1995-2000

21. © Copyright Cheltenham Computer Training 1995-2000 K = qV 0 K = maximum kinetic energy of the electron = equal to the work done by the electric field in stopping the electrons q = charge of the electron (-1.60 x 10 -19 C) note: do not include the negative sign in the computation V 0 = stopping potential in V or J/C

22. Cheltenham Computer Training 1995-2000 c = λf c = speed of the electromagnetic wave = 3 x 10 8 m/s λ = wavelength of the EM wave in m f = frequency of the EM wave in 1/s or Hz

23. References Cheltenham Computer Training 1995-2000 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MG4h0z 8zvv4