1. Dr Pradeep Kumar, Professor department of physiology, KGMU, Lucknow

2.  To understand functional significance of gastrointestinal tract (GIT)  Understand the structure of GIT and its significance as functional segments  Major intestinal secretions

3.  Every cell of living system needs energy  Unicellular organisms: Exists in the sea of nutrients  Can satisfy their nutritional need just by Proteins present at the cell membrane

4.  In multi cellular organisms, a groups of cells converted to a tissue, to perform specific function  A number of systems are evolved in vertebrates including humans  To provide nutrients to all the systems The Gastro intestinal tract is accounted for extraction of nutrients from the food

5.  The most of the food we eat are macromolecules, it can not cross the cell membrane easily  so it must be converted to monomers  Gastrointestinal tract is to make the food in absorbable form by help of chewing and by the mixing with various enzymes,in mouth to small intestine

6. Macromolecules :Food digestive enzymes monomers in small intestine Absorption into blood circulation

9. Structure of wall of the GIT

12. first secretion from git that encounter the food is SALIVARY SECRETIONS

13.  Saliva is the mixed glandular secretion which constantly bathes the teeth and the oral mucosa  First secretion encounter the food  It is vital for oral health  It is constituted by the secretions of the three paired major salivary glands; the parotid, sub mandibular and sublingual

14.  Initiate the digestion of starch  Protects oral cavity  IgA and lysozymes  Provide lubrication for food to make bolus  Facilitate the taste  Helps in speaking, swallowing, chewing  Buffer the gastric secretions reflux in to the esophagus

16.  Parotid Is large accounts for 50% sec. of saliva  Situated in front of ear behind the ramus of mandible  Gland drain in to oral cavity opposite to second molar tooth  Secretions are basically serous

17.  The submandibular gland is about half the size of the parotid gland  It lies above the mylohyoid in the floor of the mouth. It opens into the floor of the mouth underneath the anterior part of the tongue  The sublingual is the smallest of the paired major salivary glands, being about one fifth the size of the submandibular.  It is situated in the floor of the mouth beneath the sublingual folds of mucous membrane.

19.  Water 99.55% solid 0.45%  pH 7.04  Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO3- and phosphate  Organic substances includes  IgA, Lysozymes, albumin, glucose, lactate, urea and ammonia etc.  Normal salivary flow rates are 0.3-0.4 ml/min when un stimulated and 1.5-2.0 ml/min when stimulated  Approximately 0.5 – 0.6 litres of saliva is secreted per day

21.  The presence of saliva is vital to the maintenance of healthy hard (teeth) and soft (mucosa) oral tissues.  Patients suffering from dry mouth can experience difficulty with eating, swallowing, speech, the wearing of dentures, trauma to and ulceration of the oral mucosa, taste alteration, poor oral hygiene, a burning sensation of the mucosa, oral infections including Candida and rapidly progressing dental caries  After radio therapy, old age and multidrug therapy

22.  Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Physiology (2013)  Medical Physiology, UPDATED SECOND EDITION (Walter F. Boron, MD, PhD)  BERNE & LEVY, PHYSIOLOGY, SIXTH EDITION, UPDATED EDITION  Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, T W E N T Y -F O U R T H E D I T I O N

24. a) Sublingual salivary gland b) Submandibular salivary gland c) Parotid gland d) Accessory salivary glands

25. a) Mucinous cells b) Seromucinous cells c) Serous cells d) Cloudy cells

26. A. Alpha-amylase B. Mucin and muramidase. C. Bicarbonate and magnesium. D. Protease and peptidase

27.  (A) saliva contains digestive enzymes.  (B) saliva has important antiseptic action.  (C) It is largely under hormonal control.  (D)It exerts antibacterial action.

28. A. Sodium concentration increases. B. Bicarbonate concentration decreases. C. Chloride decreases. D. Potassium increases.

29. A. Copious, protein-poor, electrolyte-rich. B. Scant, transient protein-rich (mucin), electrolyte poor. C. Scant, protein-poor, electrolyte-poor. D. Copious, protein-rich (mucin), electrolyte-rich.

30. a) Under the palatopharyngeous muscle b) Posterior to the mylohyoid muscle c) Below the mylohyoid muscle d) Above the mylohyoid

31. (A)Their secretion is mainly under hormonal control. (B)The sympathetic system is the Only natural pathway for stimulation of their secretion. (C)Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves stimulate their secretion. D) Bradykinin decrease their blood flow rate.

32. (A) stimulates taste buds. (B)Is usually followed by Mastication. (C)Reflexively stimulates The salivary glands. (D)All are correct.

33. (A)Pleasant taste sensation are not related to the reflex. (B)Only salivatory nuclei in the brainstem need to be excited by taste sensation without participation of suprasegmental influences. (C)The cerebral cortex partially controls salivation. (D) salivation could be completely interrupted in a decorticate animal whose tongue is mechanically stimulated.

34. (A)Its concentration of K+ is the same as that in plasma. (B)Its Na+&Cl- concentration are lower than those in plasma. (C)Its osmotic pressure and PH are lower than their corresponding values in plasma. (D)It exerts antibacterial action.

35. Thank you