2. CELL MEMBRANE: a thin, flexible barrier which surrounds all cells. - regulates what enters & leaves cell - provides protection and support. - semi-permeable ( allowing only certain molecules (like water) to pass freely through into or out of the cell)

3. Two processes to this movement: * Passive Transport * Active Transport

4. PASSIVE TRANSPORT Takes place without the support of cell energy. The most common form of passive transport is diffusion.

5. DIFFUSION : The movement of molecules (other than water) from a higher concentrated area to a lower concentrated area. Examples: gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, lipids, alcohol, some vitamins

6. Importance of Diffusion to Cells and Humans: Cellular Respiration Alveoli of Lungs Capillaries Red blood cells Time-released medications

7. Rate of diffusion - depends on temperature and size of molecules. -molecules diffuse faster at higher temperatures then lower temperatures. -- small molecules diffuse faster than large molecules

8. OSMOSIS: The diffusion of pure water (and only water) from a higher concentrated area to a lower concentrated area. salt Cell membrane

9. Importance of Osmosis on Cells and Humans: - Cells remove water produced by cellular respiration - Large intestines cells transport water to the bloodstream - Kidney cells form urine

10. THE EFFECTS OF OSMOSIS ON CELLS

11. HYPERTONIC SOLUTION: the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell than inside – cell loses water and shrinks. Example: pouring salt onto a snail/slug.

12. HYPOTONIC SOLUTION: the concentration of solutes is lower outside the cell then inside the cell – cell gains water and swells (If the cell bursts, this is referred to as lysis or cytolysis) Example: Putting 100% pure water into a patient’s IV bag would cause excess water to get into their cells. To keep cells from bursting, IV’s usually contain a salt or sugar solution.

13. ISOTONIC SOLUTION: the concentration of solutes are equal inside and outside of the cell – cell stays the same size Example: Blood is isotonic to body cells. This means that the body cells will not shrink or burst when they come in contact with blood.

14. FACILITATED DIFFUSION: Protein Channels assist molecules such as glucose, amino acids, ions, etc. across the cell membrane WITHOUT the use of the cell’s ENERGY. Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains

15. Importance of Facilitated Diffusion to Cells and Humans: Cells obtain food to carry out cellular respiration Neurons can communicate Small intestines cells transport food to the blood stream Muscle cells contract

16. Active Transport Molecules move from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration with the aid of ATP energy. Requires protein carriers called Pumps.

17. Importance of Active Transport Gets rid of unwanted molecules such as sodium from urine in the kidneys Maintains internal conditions that are different from the environment Controls cellular pH levels

18. BULK MOVEMENT : large molecules, like proteins, are transported across the cell membrane. 2 processes: * Exocytosis * Endocytosis

19. EXOCYTOSIS: wastes & cell products such as polysaccharides, hormones and mucous are packaged by the Golgi Apparatus and secreted out of the cell. Tears

20. ENDOCYTOSIS : portion of the cell membrane surrounds a desirable molecule (such as food) outside of the cell and takes it in (Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis).

21. Phagocytosis “Cellular Eating” – engulfing large molecules, whole cells, bacteria Ex. Macrophages ingesting bacteria or worn out red blood cells. Ex. Unicellular organisms engulfing food particles.

22. Pinocytosis “Cellular Drinking” – engulfing liquids and small molecules dissolved in liquids; unspecific what enters. Ex. Intestinal cells, Kidney cells, Plant root cells