1. GENOME: an organism’s complete set of genetic material In humans, ~3 billion base pairs CHROMOSOME: Part of the genome; structure that holds tightly wound DNA In humans, 23 pairs

2. GENE: part of a chromosome A sequence of DNA that encodes for a protein - several to hundreds of nucleotides in length CODON: Part of a gene; three nucleotides that code for an amino acid

10. Ribonucleic acid Single-stranded copies of DNA sugar phosphate backbone Nucleotides: C=G A=U mRNA: messenger rRNA: ribosomal tRNA: transfer

11. 1.TRANSCRIPTION - a segment of the DNA is transcribed into mRNA - mRNA is matured - mRNA leaves the nucleus for a ribosome 2.TRANSLATION - ribosome reads the mRNA - matching tRNA’s insert amino acids in the correct order RNA transcription translation CENTRAL DOGMA DNA PROTEINS

12. RNA polymerase

13. A G U U C A G C A U G T C A A G T C G T A CDNAmRNA

14. EXONS: coding regions; code for amino acids INTRONS: non-coding regions; useless DNA; “spam”

15. TRANSCRIPTION 1.A segment of the DNA is unzipped from its double helix by RNA polymerase promoter region “start” “stop” 2. As RNA Polymerase unzips the double helix, it reads the DNA and makes a complimentary strand called mRNA DNA = template mRNA = copy 3. RNA Maturation: non-coding introns are cut out, and coding exons leave the nucleus

16. RIBOSOME mRNA

20. RIBOSOME mRNA Protein Strand 1. mRNA enters the RIBOSOME in the cytoplasm or on the Rough ER 2. The ribosome reads the mRNA one codon (3 base pairs) at a time 3. tRNA molecules that match the mRNA attach to the ribosomes and drop off their amino acids 4. Empty tRNA molecules leave and the protein strand grows

21. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41_Ne5m S2ls

22. T G A C G A T A C C G G A A G G G T C A G T G G A T A A T T A T C A C T DNA A C U G C U A U G G C C U U C C C A G U C A C C U A U U A A U A G U G A mRNA Protein fragment MET ALAPHEPROVALTHRTYR