1. Tuesday, October 13, 2015 What did you do for Fall break?

2. Learning Target I can describe the effect that fluids have on an object and the amount of pressure that fluids create.

3. Fluids Pressure Pascal’s Law Gauge Pressure Buoyancy Archimedes’ Principle Archimedes (287-212 BC) was asked to check the amount of silver alloy in the king’s crown. The answer occurred to him in the tub and he shouted “Eureka!”

4. If you stand on a waterproof bathroom scale in a wading pool, so that part of your legs are immersed in the water, will your measured weight be different than normal? ANSWER:

5. Definition: Density The ratio of a fluid’s or object’s mass to its volume is called the mass density, or sometimes simply “the density.” The SI units of mass density are kg/m 3. The density of water is 1.00×10 3 kg/m 3. Your body is composed of about 60% water.

6. Pressure is due to the net force of the molecules in a fluid colliding with the walls. A very large number of collisions happen each second. Each collision exerts a tiny net force on the wall.

7. Definition: Pressure A fluid in a container presses with an outward force against the walls of that container. The pressure is defined as the ratio of the force to the area on which the force is exerted. Pressure is simply force per unit area. Pressure is often measured in pounds per square inch (psi), atmospheres (atm), or torr (which is a millimeter of mercury). The S.I. unit for pressure is the pascal, which is a Newton per square meter: 1 Pa = 1 N / m 2. Atmospheric pressure is at sea level is normally: 1 atm = 1.01 X 10 5 Pa = 101 kPa = 760 torr = 14.7 psi. At the deepest ocean trench the pressure is about 110 million pascals. P = FAFA

8. Atmospheric Pressure The global average sea-level pressure is _____Pa, or 1 atm.

9. Fluids Fluids include both Liquids and Gases: what’s the difference? Gas: Pressure and Volume are related by the ideal gas law: At constant temperature, if the Pressure of a gas is increased, its Volume decreases (it is compressed) Liquid: Pressure does not change the Volume much. “Incompressible”

10. If there is so much pressure in the atmosphere pressing against you at any given time, why aren’t we crushed from the air pressure? The reason we are not crushed by our atmosphere is because the pressure inside our bodies is the same as the pressure outside. Why do snowshoes keep you from sinking into the snow? The snowshoes greatly increase the area over which your weight is distributed, thereby decreasing the pressure on the snow.

11. Why don’t they make longer snorkels so that people could dive deeper without scuba gear? Why do swimmers float better in the ocean than in a lake? Because of the salt dissolved in it, seawater is about 2.5% denser, making people (and fish) more buoyant in it. The pressure difference just 6 m below water is great enough so that the air in the diver’s lungs will be forced through the tube, collapsing his lungs. A shorter snorkel might not be fatal, but the pressure difference could prevent him from expanding his lungs (inhaling).

12. Pressure Depends on Depth, not Shape All these containers are the same height. Therefore, the pressure at the bottom of each is the same. The shape does not matter! Note: We’re talking about the pressure inside the fluid, not the pressures exerted by the containers on the table, which would greater for a cylinder than a cone of the same height & base.

13. Pressure at a given depth is constant At a given depth, pressure must be the same. If it weren’t, the fluid would have to be moving to the right, left, or back & forth, which doesn’t happen with a fluid in equilibrium. Imagine submersing a container of water in the shape of a rectangular prism (a box). A B If the pressure at A were greater than at B, then there would be a net force on the container to the right, since the area is the same at each side.

14. Why shape doesn’t affect pressure Y X Z h W Q The pressure at Y is greater than that of the surface by an amount  g h, where  is the density of the fluid. The same is true for Q. Since Y and Z are at the same depth, their pressures are the same. Therefore, if the containers hold the same type of fluid, the pressure at Z is the same as the pressure at Q, even though the containers have different shapes. We can repeat this process several times for an odd-shaped container: The pressure difference from A to B depends only on their vertical separation. h A B

18. Pascal’s Principle Suppose you’ve got some incompressible fluid, such as water, enclosed in a container. Any change in pressure applied to the fluid will be transmitted throughout the fluid and to the walls of the container. This change in pressure is not diminished even over large volumes. This is Pascal’s principle. Example 1: You squeeze a tube of toothpaste. The pressure of the toothpaste does not just go up at the place where you are squeezing it. It goes up by the same amount everywhere in the tube. Example 2: If someone is choking and you do the Heimlich maneuver, you apply a force to his abdomen. The increase in pressure is transmitted to his throat and dislodges the food on which he was choking.

19. Pascal’s Law for liquids Consider a small element of fluid in a beaker. Pressure acts inward on all surfaces of the small element. Gravity pulls it downward. To balance the force of gravity, the upward pressure on the bottom surface must be greater than the downward pressure on the top surface: “buoyancy” This is the equation for the pressure of an incompressible fluid in hydrodynamic equilibrium in a gravitational field. Pressure increases with depth! Scuba divers know this!

20. Water is slowly poured into the container until the water level has risen into tubes A, B, and C. The water doesn’t overflow from any of the tubes. How do the water depths in the three columns compare to each other?

21. What Causes Buoyancy? : Pressure! Recall: A fluid in a container presses with an outward force against the walls of that container. The pressure is defined as the ratio of the force to the area on which the force is exerted. The SI units of pressure are N/m 2, also defined as the pascal, where 1 pascal = 1 Pa = 1 N/m 2.