1. A.P. U.S. History Chapter 2 The Planting of English America

2. The Spanish colonized most of South America during the 16th century while North America remained largely untouched. Religious and political turmoil at home caused France and England to get a late start on Western colonies.

3. By the early 17th Century, however Britain, France and Spain began to focus on North America. 1607- The English found Jamestown, Virginia 1608- The French found Quebec 1609- The Spanish found Santa Fe, New Mexico

4. England flip-flopped between Catholicism and Protestantism in the 16th century, finally turning Protestant under Queen Elizabeth. The English brutally put down rebellions in Ireland against the Catholics there, where many English troops developed a tradition of hating and brutalizing “natives.”

5. Many English pirates made a fortune off of Spanish ships and settlements in the 1500s (so why establish any colonies when the pirating is so profitable?) –Sir Francis Drake was one of the most successful English pirates and was even knighted for his efforts by Queen Elizabeth on his ship.

6. Roanoke colony (island off of present N.C.) died out mysteriously in the 1580s (founded by Sir Walter Raleigh)

7. The Spanish Armada Spain sent a fleet of 130 ships to invade England in 1588. But the English fought back with more maneuverable ships and very good captains and crews (remember they’d been pirating the Spanish for some time now). A storm finished off what was left of the Spanish fleet and they have never really recovered militarily to this day. The defeat of the Spanish Armada was a turning point for England. They held naval supremacy over the world for over the next 300 years.

8. Spain gradually declined and England was on its way up, under a powerful monarch (Queen Elizabeth), united as a Protestant nation, able and confidant after defeating the Irish and Spanish. England had a strong sense of nationalism.

9. England’s population increased from 3 million in 1550 to 4 million in 1600. Primogeniture- system of inheritance wherein only the eldest son receives the estate. –It’s amazing how many European explorers, conquistadores, adventurers, priests were not eldest sons.

10. Joint Stock Companies The forerunners of modern corporations, wherein several or many investors could pool their money into enterprises.

11. Look at England in the early 1600s: –Peace was established with Spain (no military threat), –A booming economy with surplus labor provided by a rising population, –Lots of land waiting to be claimed and colonized in North America, –A strong sense of arrogance, confidence and nationalism. –The stage was set for a new era of colonization.

12. King James I granted the Virginia Company a charter in 1606 for a settlement in the New World The investors mainly wanted to find gold and an all water route to Asia. The charter guaranteed that the settlers would retain all rights as Englishmen. This set a tradition for other colonies to come.

13. Jamestown VA Along the James River in the Chesapeake Bay. Established May 24, 1607 (after being attacked by Indians lower in the Bay) About 100 men came ashore to a more easily defended location. 40 men died on the ship on the way over Most of the rest of the settlers died in the next few years.

14. Jamestown VA Most did not know how to live off the land (which was rich in game and easy to grow crops in), and most spent their time looking for gold which didn’t exist in that location. 400 settlers had arrived by 1609 and only 60 survived to see 1610.

15. Jamestown Housing

16. Jamestown John Smith- able leader who emerged in the colony in 1608. “Saved” by Pocahontas, daughter of the local Powhatan chief, who served as intermediary and helped to foster good relations between the settlers and Native Americans. Smith lived by the rule “He that does not work, does not eat.”

17. Jamestown Fort 1609

18. Jamestown Settlement (Computer Generated)

19. Jamestown By 1625 only 1,200 settlers lived out of 8,000 who tried to make it there. Lord de la Warr- took over as governor of Jamestown in1610 and imposed a harsh military rule over the town and colony. A veteran of the “Irish Wars” he used brutal tactics against the Indians (raiding villages, burning houses, stealing provisions, torching fields, etc) These were called the First Anglo- Powhatan War and ended in 1614 when colonist John Rolfe married Pocahontas (the first known interracial union in VA) Another major Powhatan uprising occurred in 1622.

20. Powhatan Indian Village

21. http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm /jamestown/http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm /jamestown/

22. Warfare continued for the next several decades until the Native population was pushed Westward or killed by disease or warfare. By 1685 the English considered the Powhatan people (Native Americans of the Chesapeake Bay region) extinct.

23. The Indians, like almost all in what would become the U.S. fell victim to the 3 D’s: Disease, disorganization, and disposability. Disease: no immunity to European diseases like smallpox and measles. Disorganization: the did not unite together and would continue to help white settlers (both English and later American) kill off competing tribes. Disposability: unlike the Spanish, the Indians were not used as slaves and did not fit into the economic picture of the Americas so were not seen as a valuable “commodity.”

24. The Indians’ New World The arrival of Europeans to the New World changed life dramatically for Native peoples. Spanish horses allowed many tribes to make a successful life hunting on the Great Plains (like the Lakota) Disease wiped out most, however. Indian vs. Indian competition and violence caused by the introduction of firearms, mobility, and the desire for prime hunting location to get more furs, to trade to the Europeans, to get more firearms.

25. Virginia got a second chance when the tobacco crops began to be successful. John Rolfe (husband of Pocahontas) perfected methods of raising and curing tobacco by 1612 setting off a never-before seen thirst amongst Europeans for the new product. Jamestown couldn’t grow enough to keep up with demand.

26. Early Colonial Tobacco 1618 1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco. 1622 1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco. 1627 1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco. 1629 1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

27. Tobacco Prices: 1618-1710

28. The first African slaves were sold in Virginia in 1619 by a Dutch ship.

29. 1619- The London Company authorized the Virginia settlers to summon an assembly called the House of Burgesses (The birth of American democracy). Maryland- the second plantation colony (but 4th overall) was founded in 1634 by the Catholic Lord Baltimore. –Founded as a refuge for Catholics and to make money (which it did in tobacco)

30. 17c Population in the Chesapeake

31. The plantation system depended heavily on indentured servants for labor until replaced by African Slaves toward the end of the 17th century. Act of Toleration – passed in Maryland in 1649 guaranteeing the religious freedom of all Christians. –It did prescribe the death penalty for atheists and Jews who denied the divinity of Jesus

32. Tobacco vs. Sugar Tobacco was grown almost exclusively around the Chesapeake Bay region in the 17th and 18th centuries. –It was easily grown and cured and even small farmers with little land could make money off of it. Sugar was grown by the English colonists in the West Indies. –It took a lot of land to grow it, intensive labor provided by hundreds of thousands of African slaves, mills to process it, years to get viable canes to produce etc. –African slaves outnumbered English colonists in the West Indies 4 to 1 by 1700.

33. Tobacco vs. Sugar Only wealthy plantation owners could make a living raising sugar in the West Indies and many poorer settlers left for the American colonies which offered a better opportunity. They brought with them the ideas of the plantation system and slave system including slave codes (like the Barbados slave code) which would take root in the Southern colonies.

34. King Charles II granted a charter for the Carolina colony in 1670 with the hope of providing food stuffs for the West Indies plantations and to export wine, silk, and olive oil. The slave trade boomed in Carolina which maintained close ties with Barbados. Rice ended up being the chief export out of Carolina. North and South Carolina were split and established in 1712. North Carolinians were very less aristocratic than Virginians or South Carolinians, poorer, smaller farms, more independent, tolerant, etc.

35. See Chart on founding of various colonies on pg. 37.

36. Virtually all the coastal Indian tribes in the southern colonies had been wiped out by 1720. Most had already been decimated by disease and were outnumbered and out-weaponned in battle.

37. Georgia- Founded in 1733. The last of the 13 to be founded. Established by James Oglethorpe as a debtor colony, but the English government wanted it as a buffer against the Spanish in Florida and the French in Louisiana. All Christians except Catholics enjoyed toleration.

38. The Plantation Colonies All in the South: Maryland, Virginia, N.C., S.C., & Georgia. Devoted to exporting commercial crops to some degree. (mainly tobacco and rice) A few people owned most of the land creating an air of aristocracy. Plantations were scattered along rivers and were huge, discouraging the development of cities and towns. All permitted some religious tolerance. Plantation agriculture (which is hard on soil) encouraged expansion westward.