1. Environmental Science October 27 and 28

2. Welcome! Paradigm (noun) A theory or a group of ideas about how something should be done, made, or thought about. “Professor Abdus-Salaam’s surprising new findings challenged the old paradigm.” By the time the bell rings – In your seat – Notebook open – Mind open

3. Welcome! Algorithm (noun) A set of steps that are followed in order to solve a mathematical problem or to complete a computer process. “Asia’s innovative algorithm predicted the date the hole in the ozone would close.” By the time the bell rings – In your seat – Notebook open – Mind open

4. The major goals of ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 1. To understand and 2. To solve environmental problems.

5. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE is interdisciplinary. Inter = Together, between, among Discipline = Field of study

6. Natural sciences Study natural phenomena. Examples? – Biology – Chemistry – Physics Social sciences Study the interactions of human groups. Examples? – Economics – Political science – Sociology – Anthropology

7. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ARE CHALLENGING BUT NOT IMPOSSIBLE TO SOLVE.

8. Example: The hole in the ozone layer

10. Summary question Explain why many fields of study were needed to fix the hole in the ozone layer

11. Objective Apply the five steps of scientific investigation. By the end of class, students will be able to:

12. Science is the attempt of people to understand the objects and events they experience in nature.

13. There is no ONE way to do science “THE scientific method” is a myth

14. Nevertheless, much scientific thinking follows a similar pattern

15. Step 1: A causal question “Why does my cat keep vomiting?” (A causal question asks about the cause of something)

16. Causal v. Noncausal questions Causal  Asking for a CAUSE – Why does my cat vomit? – Why is the sky blue? Noncausal  Asking for a DESCRIPTION – How much does my cat weigh? – What color is the sky?

17. Step 2: Make a hypothesis (possible answer to the causal question) “Maybe it’s the cat food I bought him.”

18. Step 3: Predict the results of an experiment “If I switch to a different brand of cat food, then he should stop vomiting.” (A prediction is the expected results of an experiment if your hypothesis is true)

19. Hypotheses v. Predictions Hypotheses Perhaps my cat is vomiting because of the cat food I bought him Maybe my plant is wilted because it doesn’t get enough water Predictions If I switch to a different brand of cat food, then he should stop vomiting If I water my plant, it should stop wilting

20. Step 4: Conducting the experiment and getting results. “I fed him another brand of cat food, and now he’s not vomiting.”

21. Step 5: Making a conclusion about the hypothesis. “The cat’s vomiting was caused by a particular brand of cat food.”

22. A model of scientific inquiry Causal question HypothesisPredictionActual resultConclusion Encounter with new unexplained phenomena Idea to explain phenomena The expected result of an experiment if the hypothesis is correct What actually happens Are the hypotheses supported or contradicted?

23. Correlation versus Experiments

24. Reflect on the work you have done this semester and decide what grade you feel you have earned. Write a justification explaining what grade you have earned. Justify your answer by writing, as completely as possible, a list of the work you have completed.

25. Exit ticket Why are experiments better than correlation?