1. Investigation 9: Genetic Variation
Part 2: Inheritance

2. Inheritance
We’ve seen the traits in a population of walkingsticks change over the course of several generations. Today we are going to start an investigation into the question of just how that kind of change can happen in a population.

3. Inheritance
One important thing we know about life is that offspring grow up to look pretty much like their parents. This has been known for a very long time.
Because offspring look like their parents, it stands to reason that the information for how to develop is passed from the parents to the offspring-from one generation to the next.
Passing genetic information from one generation to the next is called inheritance.
You inherited alleles from your parents, larkeys inherit alleles from their parents, and the same is true of every other living thing on Earth.

4. Genetics Vocabulary
Today we will learn the following vocabulary and how it fits in with genetics.
Chromosomes
Nucleus
DNA
Paired alleles
Gene
Genotype
Phenotype
Dominant
Recessive

5. Gregor Mendel
The pioneering work on inheritance was done by an Augustinian monk named Gregor Mendel. He spent years growing thousands of plants and animals, observing closely to see how similar they were to their parents.

6. His most important work was done with pea plants
His most important work was done with pea plants. All of his pea plants had flowers, but there was variation in the feature of flower color. Some had the trait of purple flowers, and some had the trait of white flowers.
When both parent pea plants had purple flowers, the offspring had purple flowers.
When both parents had white flowers, the offspring had white flowers.

7. But what intrigued Mendel was what happened when one parent had purple flowers and one had white flowers. What color flowers would the offspring have? Purple? White? Pale Lavender?
Mendel found that the flowers were either all purple or all white.
With one purple and one white parent, some of the offspring had purple flowers and some had white flowers. None had pale purple flowers.

8. Mendel reasoned that the offspring must be inheriting something from each parent that told the pea plant what color flowers to produce.
But what exactly was inherited? Mendel lived out his life without knowing that the answer to that question was “genes”.

9. The Cell Transparency #22
The story of inheritance unfolds inside the cell. Everything is made of cells, and that’s where the information describing how to make you resides. Cells have many smaller structures inside, called organelles, that perform functions essential to life. The one of interest to us is the nucleus.
Inside the nucleus is the inheritance messenger, DNA. DNA molecules are huge, containing millions of atoms. In order to fit inside the nucleus, they are coiled and coiled again into structures called chromosomes. Chromosomes are the structures that carry the message of inheritance.

10. The Cell Transparency #22

11. Chromosomes and Genes Transparency #23
This drawing shows the nucleus of a cell from our make-believe animal, the larkey. Notice that there are eight chromosomes, looking a little bit like bent hot dogs of different lengths. If you look closely, you will see that these two chromosomes are the same, these two are the same, and so on. Chromosomes always come in pairs. So our larkey actually has four pairs of chromosomes, rather than eight different ones.
Look now at these dark areas. Both chromosomes in a pair have dark areas in exactly the same location. The dark areas are called alleles.

12. Chromosomes and Genes Transparency #23

13. Genes and Alleles Transparency #24
The two alleles on the paired chromosomes work together. Together they constitute a gene.
Let’s review:
Nuclei contain chromosomes.
Chromosomes come in almost identical pairs.
Chromosomes have specific active locations called alleles.
The two alleles in identical locations on paired chromosomes constitute a gene.

14. Genes and Alleles Transparency #24

15. Genes and Alleles Continued-Transparency #24
A gene (two alleles working together) controls a trait.
This gene could be the one that determines the larkey’s eye color, or perhaps the pattern of its fur. Let’s say it determines eye color.
The larkey has four features of interest to us. Each feature is controlled by one gene. Each of the four genes is on a different chromosome.

16. Larkey Genes Transparency #25
The gene for appendages (legs) is these two alleles on this pair of chromosomes. The alleles are labeled with the letter A for appendages.
The gene for eye color (letter E) is on these two chromosomes, and the genes for fur pattern (letter F) and tail (T) are on these two chromosomes.
Notice that some of the alleles are labeled with uppercase letters and some are lowercase letters. Both upper- and lowercase letter Es are alleles for eye color. We will find out what the case of the letter means in a while.

17. Larkey Genes Transparency #25

18. Genotype
The alleles are the code that determines the traits of the larkeys. This chart at the bottom is the larkey genetics code. The alleles for legs are aa, the alleles for eye color are Ee, the alleles for fur pattern are FF, and the alleles for tail shape are tt.
The combination of alleles in an organism’s chromosomes is the organism’s genotype. The genotype lists the paired alleles that are particular to that organism. This is the genotype of one of the larkeys in the yammer we looked at in the resources book.

19. Dominant and Recessive
Alleles don’t all have equal influence in determining traits. Some alleles have more influence. More-influential alleles are dominant alleles, and they are represented by an uppercase letter.
Less-influential alleles are called recessive alleles, and they are represented by a lowercase letter.

20. Decode the Genotype Transparency #26
This table has three columns. The left one has the four alleles this larkey got from its mother and the right column has the four alleles it got from its father.
What alleles make up our larkey’s gene for leg length? What trait does that produce in our larkey?
What alleles make up our larkey’s gene for eye color? What trait does that produce in our larkey?
What alleles make up our larkey’s gene for fur pattern? What trait does that produce in our larkey?
What alleles make up our larkey’s gene for tail shape? What trait does that produce in our larkey?

21. Let’s look at the genotype of our larkey to see where it has dominant and recessive alleles.
This larkey has:
Two recessive alleles for leg length (aa).
One dominant and one recessive allele for eye color (Ee).
Two dominant alleles for fur pattern (FF).
Two recessive alleles for tail (tt).

22. Phenotype
This is what the larkey with this genotype looks like. The way a larkey looks is its phenotype. Every organism has its unique genotype, composed of paired alleles on paired chromosomes. Those genes produce unique traits in those organisms. The traits that the genotype produces results in the organism’s phenotype.

23. Phenotype
Use this larkey’s Genotype to determine what the larkey will look like – it’s Phenotype. (Take a screen shot of this page and draw the phenotype using Educreations.)

24. Complete page 45 in your lab notebook using the following Word Bank
Genetics Vocabulary
Complete page 45 in your lab notebook using the following Word Bank
Word Bank
Chromosomes Nucleus DNA Paired alleles Gene Genotype Phenotype Dominant Recessive

25. Complete page 55 in your lab notebook using the following Word Bank
Genetics Vocabulary
Complete page 55 in your lab notebook using the following Word Bank
Word Bank
Chromosomes Nucleus DNA Paired alleles Gene Genotype Phenotype Dominant Recessive