1. Situation We now accept that grammar is not restricted to writing but is present in speech. Problem This can lead to assumptions that there is one kind of grammar for writing and one for speech. Response A large-scale corpus survey of English has been undertaken. Evaluation Results show the same system is valid for both writing and speech. SPRE in abstracts

2. Background The organizations of out-of-order superscalar processors are becoming more complicated. Therefore, evaluating processor architectures is indispensable for designing effective processors. Purpose In this paper, we introduce a method that uses software simulation to survey the number of instructions per clock cycle and to evaluate superscalar data paths. Approach Our method used two types of simulators: an instruction set simulator and a trace-driven simulator. An instruction set simulator was used to produce execution trace files. We used SIMIPS to output the traces of executed instructions and memory accesses. A trace-driven simulator was used to evaluate data paths. Our trace-driven simulator read the traces that we obtained by executing the instruction set simulator. (Findings and) conclusions The results indicate that our simulator gives useful information for designing processors. Abstract: Using Simulators to Evaluate Superscalar Processors

3. Abstract moves SPRE steps Text Background Situation The organizations of out-of-order superscalar processors are becoming more complicated. Problem Therefore, evaluating processor architectures is indispensable for designing effective processors. Purpose Response In this paper, we introduce a method that uses software simulation to survey the number of instructions per clock cycle and to evaluate superscalar data paths. Approach Our method used two types of simulators: an instruction set simulator and a trace-driven simulator. An instruction set simulator was used to produce execution trace files. We used SIMIPS to output the traces of executed instructions and memory accesses. A trace-driven simulator was used to evaluate data paths. Our trace- driven simulator read the traces that we obtained by executing the instruction set simulator. (Findings and) Conclusions Evaluation The results indicate that our simulator gives useful information for designing processors. SPRE and move analysis Underline the signalling words.

4. Informative abstract Fat-shattering and the Learnability of Real-Valued Functions PurposeWe consider the problem of learning real-valued functions from random examples when the function values are corrupted with noise. ApproachWith mild conditions on independent observation noise, we provide characterizations of the learnability of a real-valued function class in terms of a generalization of the Vapnik- Chervonenkis dimension, the fat-shattering function, introduced by Kearns and Schapire. FindingsWe show that, given some restrictions on the noise, a function class is learnable in our model if and only if its fat- shattering function is finite. With different (also quite mild) restrictions, satisfied for example by Gaussian noise, we show that a function class is learnable from polynomially many examples if and only if its fat-shattering function grows polynomially. We prove analogous results in an agnostic setting, where there is no assumption of an underlying function class. Identify the SPRE steps in this abstract.

5. Descriptive abstract Utilizing venation features for efficient leaf image retrieval BackgroundMost Content-Based Image Retrieval systems use image features such as textures, colors, and shapes. However, in the case of a leaf image, it is not appropriate to rely on color or texture features only as such features are very similar in most leaves. PurposeIn this paper, we propose a new and effective leaf image retrieval scheme. ApproachIn this scheme, we first analyze leaf venation which we use for leaf categorization. We then extract and utilize leaf shape features to find similar leaves from the already categorized group in a leaf database. The venation of a leaf corresponds to the blood vessels in organisms. Leaf venations are represented using points selected by a curvature scale scope corner detection method on the venation image. The selected points are then categorized by calculating the density of feature points using a non-parametric estimation density. Findings and conclusions We show this technique's effectiveness by performing several experiments on a prototype system. Identify the SPRE steps in this abstract.

6. 1.Analyse the “moves” (Background, Purpose, etc.) in this abstract. 2.Analyse the SPRE steps in this abstract. 3.Identify the signalling words. Performance Modeling and Evaluation of Distributed Component-Based Systems Using Queueing Petri Nets Performance models are used increasingly throughout the phases of the software engineering lifecycle of distributed component-based systems. However, as systems grow in size and complexity, building models that accurately capture the different aspects of their behavior becomes a more and more challenging task. In this paper, we present a novel case study of a realistic distributed component-based system, showing how Queueing Petri Net models can be exploited as a powerful performance prediction tool in the software engineering process. A detailed system model is built in a step-by-step fashion, validated, and then used to evaluate the system performance and scalability. Along with the case study, a practical performance modeling methodology is presented which helps to construct models that accurately reflect the system performance and scalability characteristics. Taking advantage of the modeling power and expressiveness of Queueing Petri Nets, our approach makes it possible to model the system at a higher degree of accuracy, providing a number of important benefits. Analysing moves and SPRE steps

7. Information Flocking Abstract Background Purpose 1A novel method of visualising data based upon the schooling behaviour of fish is described. FindingsThe technique allows the user to see complex correlations between data items through the amount of time each fish spends near others. ApproachIt is an example of a biologically inspired approach to data visualisation in virtual worlds, as well as being one of the first uses of VRML 2.0 and Java to create Artificial Life. Purpose 2We describe an initial application of the system, the visualisation of the interests of a group of users. Findings and conclusions We conclude that Information Flocking is a particularly powerful technique because it presents data in a colourful, dynamic form that allows people to easily identify patterns that would not otherwise be obvious. Identify the SPRE steps in this abstract.