1. Introducing Figurative Language
a.k.a. Literary Elements

2. Simile
A simile is a figure of speech that, like metaphor, compares unlike things in order to describe something. Similes do not state that something is another thing, however. Instead, they compare using the word "like" or "as." Some scholars refer to simile as a type of metaphor.

3. Examples of Similes
The truck was as big as Jupiter and just as garish.
Her coat looked like a wet paper bag that had been trampled.
He was as tired as if he'd been digging ditches all day.

4. Metaphor
A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares unlike things by saying that one thing is the other. Often metaphors are simple comparisons, but they can be extended so that different aspects of the things compared are treated separately.

5. Examples of Metaphors
He was a fierce bull ready to attack.
She is a flower among women.

6. Personification
Personification is a figure of speech in which human qualities are attributed to an animal, object, or idea.

7. Examples of Personification
The video camera observed the whole scene.
The car engine coughed and sputtered when it started during the blizzard.

8. Hyperbole
A hyperbole is an exaggeration or overstatement for effect.

9. Examples of a Hyperbole
The man was as wide as a mountain and twice as tall. (Note that this sentence is also a simile.)
I nearly died laughing.
This reading book weighs a ton.

10. Alliteration
Alliteration is a poetic or literary effect achieved by using several words that begin with the same or similar consonants

11. Examples of Alliteration
“Whither wilt thou wander, wayfarer?” 
Sally sells seashells by the sea shore.
Many men marched merrily.

12. Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is the use of words that sound like the noises they describe.

13. Examples of Onomatopoeia
Hiss
Buzz

14. Rhyme
Rhyme is the repetition of sounds at the ends of words.

15. Examples of Rhyme
See/me
Hat/cat
Shoot/loot

16. Rhythm
Rhythm is the beat you hear as you read a poem aloud. This beat is affected by which syllables are stressed and which are unstressed. Stressed words are read with more emphasis.

17. Example of Rhythm
Hickory dickery dock
The mouse ran up the clock

18. Repetition
Repetition is the use of a word, phrase, sound, or line more than once.

19. Examples of Repetition
The rain makes still pools on the sidewalk.
The rain makes running pools in the gutter.
The rain plays a little sleep-song on our roof at night—
And I love the rain.
-from “April Rain Song” by Langston Hughes

20. Rhyme Scheme
Rhyme Scheme is the order of sounds that occur at the ends of the lines of a poem.

21. Example of Rhyme Scheme
Hickory, dickery, dock, a
The mouse ran up the clock, a
The clock struck 12:00, b
The mouse ran down, c
Hickory, dickery, dock. a