1. GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE TOMMY AND MINE CANYON SITES IN CONTEXT OF SOUTHWEST POPULATIONS Meradeth Snow, Kathy Durand, David Glenn Smith

2. mtDNA Briefly… 5 Native American haplogroups: –A, B, C, D, and X Defined by mutations identified by: –RFLP analysis –Direct sequencing

3. Previous aDNA Research in the Southwest Shearin et al. 1989 Horai et al. 1991 –hap B O’Rourke et al. 1996—11 samples –3 hap B, 1 hap A, 1 hap C –2 other, and 4 N or D Carlyle, 2000 & 2003—27 samples –26 hap B, 3 hap A, 5 hap C, and no D –4 other

4. Previous aDNA Research in the Southwest Regional continuity of the general Southwest mtDNA pattern: –high haplogroup B –low to moderate levels of A and C –no haplogroup D Maintained in modern Pueblo groups such as the Zuni and Jemez. (Lorenz and Smith 1996; Kaestle and Smith 2001)

5. Methods Extractions carried out in the aDNA Molecular Anthropology Lab at UC Davis. –Bones and teeth both yielded DNA RFLP analysis to determine haplogroup. Sequencing results obtained.

6. RFLP Results Haplogroup A Haplogroup B Haplogroup C Haplogroup D Total Tommy Site 1 (5%)14 (66%)3 (14%) 21 Mine Canyon 7 (58%)4 (33%)1 (8%)0 12 Total 8 (22%)18 (49%)4 (11%)3 (8%) 37 Sites were distinct at the 0. 00005 level.

7. RFLP Results TSMCAnasaziApacheJemezNavajoZuni MC0.0000 Anasazi0.01370.0000 Apache0.0000 0.1412 0.0000 Jemez0.00170.00000.00040.0000 Navajo0.0000 0.2545 0.0000 Zuni 0.0776 0.0011 0.8249 0.00000.00570.0000 Fremont 0.1941 0.00000.01140.00000.06190.00000.0315

8. RFLP Results -0.3-0.2-0.10.00.10.20.3 -0.05 0.00 0.05 c[,1] c[,2] TS MC Anasazi Apache Jemez Navajo Zuni Fremont

9. Preliminary Sequencing Results Mine Canyon Haplogroup A samples Possible Athapaskan connection? –mutations at specific sites: nsp 16331 nsp 16192 All Mine Canyon hap A samples do not have these mutations

10. Preliminary Sequencing Results Did have three other mutations: –nps 16257 (C→T) –nps 16263 (T→A) –nps 16360 (C→T) 4 Zuni hap A samples have these same unique mutations. (Kemp, 2006)

11. Discussion Not all sites maintain the general Southwest mtDNA pattern.

12. Discussion Regional variability may be due to: –Sampling error… Mine Canyon—7 out of 12 Carlyle’s data—3 out of 38 –Drift (chance) Founder’s effect or Reduction in population size

13. Discussion Haplogroup D –Often absent in the Southwest. –Was present at the Tommy Site, and possibly other sites. –Low frequency may have influenced previous identification.

14. Discussion Haplogroup A –RFLP frequency similarities between the Mine Canyon site and the Athapascans. High frequency of hap A –Sequences demonstrate cultural continuity. Zuni hap A’s

15. Future Reseach Further analysis of the sequence data for the remainder of the samples. HVII sequence analysis, particularly of the hap A samples. Sex identification of unidentifiable samples. Correlation with the remainder of the analyses presented here.

16. Acknowledgments Many thanks to the other students, previous students, and employees at the UC Davis MAL: Wendy Garnica, Debbie George, Sree Kathaswamy, Brian Kemp, Jessica Satkoski, Kari Schroeder, Monalyn Umali, and Venkat. Thanks!