1. TOPOGRAPHIC MAP INTERPRETATION WHAT ARE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS? # THEY ARE MAPS THAT SHOW NATURAL AS WELL AS MAN-MADE FEATURES OF AN AREA. # THEY ARE USUALLY DRAWN ON LARGE SCALES. # THEY ARE ABLE TO SHOW DETAILS OF FEATURES LIKE HILLS, FORESTS, TOWNS, VILLAGES, SETTLEMENT PATTERNS, RAILWAYS, TELEGRAPH LINES, BRIDGES, etc. # THEY ARE ALSO CALLED AS ORDINANCE SURVEY MAPS.

2. DISTANCE DIRECTION AREA CONTOURS SPOT HEIGHTS GRID REFERENCE CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS SCALE DRAINAGE AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS VEGETATION  FACTORS ON WHICH QUESTIONS ARE ASKED IN TOPO INTERPRETAION

3. LAND USE / OCCUPATION MEANS OF TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATION MEANS OF IRRIGATION DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN THE MAP SOME MORE FACTORS ON WHICH QUESTIONS CAN BE BASED

4. 3 TYPES OF MAP SCALE : STATEMENT SCALE REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION / R.F. GRAPHICAL SCALE/ LINEAR SCALE [ ONLY R.F. QUESTIONS CAN BE EXPECTED]  LESSON 1 - SCALE

5. IT EXPRESSES THE PROPORTION OF MAP TO GROUND NUMERICALLY. ABBREVIATED AS R.F. THE NUMERATOR IS ALWAYS 1 THE DENOMINATOR IS THE ACTUAL DISTANCE ON GROUND.  REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION

6. R.F. = DISTANCE ON MAP DISTANCE ON GROUND MEANS THAT ONE UNIT ON THE MAP REPRESENTS X UNITS ON THE GROUND.  CONVERSION INTO R.F.

7. CAN BE CONVERTED TO ANY UNIT – CENTIMETRES/ KILOMETRES/ MILES… THEREFORE HAS A UNIVERSAL APPLICATION IN READING MAPS & MAKING MAPS.  BENEFITS OF R.F.

8. STATEMENT OF SCALE GIVEN = 3CM TO 1.5 KM R.F.= DISTANCE ON MAP DISTANCE ON GROUND DISTANCE ON MAP = 3 CM DISTANCE ON GROUND = 1.5 KM 1KM= 1,00,000 CM HENCE R.F. = 3CM 1.5X1,00,000 CM = I/ 50,000 [ NO UNIT IS USED IN R.F.]  EXAMPLES OF CONVERSION TO R.F.

9. 1 KM = 1,00,000 CM 1MILE = 63,360 INCHES  THINGS TO REMEMBER IN CONVERSION TO R.F