1. GRID ANATOMY Advanced Computing Concepts – Dr. Emmanuel Pilli

2. Grid Concept  controlled and coordinated resource sharing and problem solving in dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organizations  The dynamic grouping of individuals, multiple groups, or organizations that defined the conditions and rules for sharing are called virtual organizations  Virtual Organization Concept in Grid Computing is Key

3. Grid Problem  Grid Computing resources  computing power, data storage, hardware instruments  on-demand software, and applications  Problems involved with resource sharing are resource discovery, event correlation, authentication, authorization, and access mechanisms  Commercial Utility concept problems  service-level management features, complex accounting, utilization metering, flexible pricing, federated security, scalability, open-ended integration, and a multitude of very difficult arrays of networking services to sustain

4. Virtual Organizations  Dynamic set of individuals and/or institutions defined around a set of resource-sharing rules and conditions  All these virtual organizations share some commonality among them, including common concerns and requirements, but may vary in size, scope, duration, sociology, and structure.

5. Virtual Organizations  The members of any virtual organization negotiate on resource sharing based on the rules and conditions  Assigning users, resources, and organizations from different domains across multiple, worldwide geographic territories to a virtual organization is one of the fundamental technical challenges  This complexity includes the definitions of the resource discovery mechanism, resource sharing methods, rules and conditions, security federation and/or delegation, and access control in the virtual organization.

6. Virtual Organizations Characteristics  Common concerns and requirements on resource sharing.  Conditional, time-bound, and rules-driven resource sharing.  Dynamic collection of individuals and/or institutions.  Sharing relationship among participants is peer-to- peer in nature.  Resource sharing based on an open and well- defined set of interaction and access rules.

7. Grid Architecture

8.  Fabric Layer: Interface to Local Resources  Connectivity Layer: Manages Communications  Resource Layer: Sharing of a Single Resource  The Collective Layer: Coordinating Multiple Resources  Application Layer: User-Defined Grid Applications

9. Fabric Layer  Defines the resources that can be shared  computational resources, data storage, networks, catalogs, and other system resources  Two basic capabilities associated with the integration of resources:  Provide an "inquiry" mechanism which allows for the discovery against its own resource capabilities, structure, and state of operations  Provide appropriate "resource management" capabilities to control the QoS the grid solution promises

10. Connectivity Layer  Defines the core communication and authentication protocols required for grid-specific networking services transactions  Communications protocols (networking transport, routing, and naming,) assist in the exchange of data between fabric layers of respective resources.  Authentication protocol builds on top of the networking communication services in order to provide secure authentication and data exchange.

11. Connectivity Layer  Single sign-on  provides any multiple entities in the grid fabric to be authenticated once  Delegation  provides the ability to access a resource under the current users permissions set  Integration with local resource specific security solutions  Each resource has specific security requirements that match the local environment

12. Connectivity Layer  User-based trust relationships  between users and multiple service providers  Data security  The data passing through the Grid Computing solution should be made secure using various cryptographic mechanisms

13. Resource Layer  Utilizes the communication and security protocols to control the secure negotiation, initiation, monitoring, metering, accounting, and payment involving the sharing of operations across individual resources  There are two primary classes of protocols:  Information Protocols  Management Protocols

14. Resource Layer  Information Protocols:  Used to get information about the structure and the operational state of a single resource, including configuration, usage policies, service-level agreements, and the state of the resource

15. Resource Layer  Management Protocols  Negotiating access to a shared resource (quality of service, advanced reservation, scheduling, etc)  Performing operation(s) on the resource, such as process creation or data access  Acting as the service/resource policy enforcement point for policy validation between a user and resource  Providing accounting and payment management functions on resource sharing  Monitoring the status of an operation, controlling the operation including terminating the operation, and providing asynchronous notifications on operation status

16. Collective Layer  Responsible for all global resource management and interaction with a collection of resources  Visible Collective Services  Discovery Services  Co-allocation, Scheduling, and Brokering Services  Monitoring and Diagnostic Services  Data Replication Services  Grid-Enabled Programming Systems  Workload Management Systems and Collaborative Frameworks  Software Discovery Services  Community Authorization Servers  Community Accounting and Payment Services

17. Application Layer  User applications constructed by utilizing the services defined at each lower layer  Each layer in the grid architecture provides a set of APIs and SDKs (software developer kits) for the higher layers of integration  These user-defined grid applications are domain specific and provide specific solutions

18. Grid Architecture and Relationship to other Distributed Technologies  Numerous well-defined and well-established technologies and standards were developed for distributed computing.  This foundation has been a successful till the emergence of the domain of heterogeneous resource sharing and the formation of virtual organizations.  Widely implemented distributed systems, include World Wide Web environments, application and storage service providers, distributed computing systems, peer- to-peer computing systems, and clustering systems

19. World Wide Web  A number of open and ubiquitous technologies are defined for the World Wide Web (TCP, HTTP, SOAP, XML) making the Web a suitable candidate for the construction of the virtual organizations  Areas of concern include single-sign-on, delegation of authority, complex authentication mechanisms, and event correlation mechanisms  Web will be suitable for the construction of grid portals to support multiple virtual organizations

20. Distributed Computing Systems  Major Technologies  CORBA, J2EE, and DCOM  Do not provide a platform for sharing of resources  Drawbacks  resource discovery across virtual participants, collaborative and declarative security, dynamic construction of a virtual organization, scale factor  lack of interoperability among these technology protocols  JINI, a platform-independent infrastructure to deliver services and mobile code, enabling easier interaction with clients through service discovery, negotiation, and leasing

21. Other Technologies  Application & Storage Service Providers  Peer-to-Peer Computing Systems  Cluster Computing