1. THE RISE OF THE CITIES CHAPTER 6 SECTION 2

2. THE POPULATION EXPLOSION Between 1800 and 1900, the population in Europe doubles despite families having less children WHY? –Death rate fell –Nutrition improved as a result of better farming, food storage and distribution –Improved sanitation –Medical Advances

3. THE FIGHT AGAINST DISEASE People had prior knowledge of the microscopic organisms (microbes). GERM THEORY However, many did not believe in the GERM THEORY –The theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes.

4. THE FIGHT AGAINST DISEASE LOUIS PASTEUR LOUIS PASTEUR French chemist showed the link between microbes and disease in 1870 Created the vaccine for anthrax and rabies Discovered pasteurization –The process of killing disease carrying microbes in milk

5. THE FIGHT AGAINST DISEASE ROBERT KOCH German Doctor Identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis in the 1880’s –Responsible for 30 million deaths By 1914 yellow fever and malaria had been traced to mosquitos

6. HOSPITAL CARE IMPROVES Despite this, hospitals could still be dangerous. Surgery was performed with dirty instruments in dark rooms. Patient who survived surgery often died shortly from infections. Wealthy people had their surgeries at home, while the poor went to hospitals.

7. HOSPITAL CARE IMPROVES FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE British nurse Fought to improve hospital sanitation Dropped death rate of injured English from 60% to 2% during the Crimean War Opened the first nursing school

8. HOSPITAL CARE IMPROVES JOSEPH LISTER English Surgeon Discovered how antiseptics prevented infection Insisted surgeons sterilize their instruments and wash their hands before operating. Reduced deaths from infection

9. CITY LIFE CHANGES Growing wealth of industrialization changed the layout of European cities. URBAN RENEWAL Many cites went through URBAN RENEWAL –The rebuilding of poor areas of a city Paris went through this under Napoleon III’s rule

10. CITY LIFE CHANGES Streets began to be paved Gas and then later electric street lights made cities brighter and safer. Sewer systems made cities healthier and cut death rates. Steel allowed architects to build taller building than before.

11. CITY LIFE CHANGES City Struggles continued: Despite changes, the poor still lived in tenement housing Unemployment or illness could ruin a family High crime rates and alcoholism were common.

12. CITY LIFE CHANGES The Lure of City Life Cities still attracted millions Music halls, operas, and theaters offered entertainment Museums and libraries educated people Sporting events included tennis and bare knuckle boxing

13. THE WORKING CLASS ADVANCES Labor unions begin to grow MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES Workers formed MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES –Self-help groups that aided sick and injured workers. Increased voting rights allowed men to win the right to unionize. In places like Germany, pensions (retirement) and disability (injured or sick leave) was granted

14. THE WORKING CLASS ADVANCES STANDARD OF LIVING The STANDARD OF LIVING –The quality and availability of necessities and comfort in a society Wages varied with men making more money than women, children, and minorities People enjoyed improved in diets, housing, and cost for mass produced items. The gap between the lower and middle class still widened.