1. BCH302 [Practical] 1

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3. DNA is made of 2 polynucleotide chains which run in opposite direction.”antiparallel ”. DNA has a double helical structure. Each polynucleotide chain of DNA consists of monomer units of nucleotides. A monomer unit consists of 3 main components that are: 1.A pentose sugar, 2.a phosphate, 3.a nitrogenous base. 3

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5. Monomer 5

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10. 10 Held by covalent bond Hydrogen bond

11. Denaturation is a process by which nucleic acids, such as DNA, lose their three-dimensional structures and consequently their primary functions. Many different substances or environmental conditions can denature nucleic acids, such as: 1. strong acids, organic solvent. 2. heating. 3.Exposure to Radiation/ UV light. 11

12. Nucleic acid have maximum absorbance at 260nm, It absorbs at this wavelength because of the nitrogenous bases (A, G, C and T) of DNA. Wave length (nm) Absorbance 12

13. In general :It is the increase of absorbance (optical density) of a material. The hyperchromicity of DNA that occurs when the DNA duplex is denatured. When DNA denatures [e.g. by heat ], it's strands separate, allowing more light to be absorbed by the non-stacked bases[single DNA strands]. 13

14. Due to denaturation of DNA the bases become exposed to the surface and able to absorb more light at 260 nm. This action is calling the hyperchromic effect. Note: The opposite, a decrease of absorbance is called hypochromicity. 14

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16. Objectives: 1- To determaine the wave length that represent the maximum absorbance for DNA (the optimum wave length for DNA). 2- To establish the effect of temperature on the absorbance of DNA or [hyperchromic effect]. 16

17. 1- The double helix of DNA are bound together mainly by thydrogen bonds and hydrophobic effect between the complementary bases. When DNA in solution is heated above its melting temperature (usually more than 80 °C), the double-stranded DNA unwinds to form single-stranded DNA. 2-In single stranded DNA the bases become unstacked and can thus absorb more light. In their native state, the bases of DNA absorb light at the 260 nm wavelength region. When the bases become unstacked, the wavelength of maximum absorbance does not change, but the amount absorbed increases by 30-40%. a double strand DNA dissociating to single strands produces a sharp cooperative transition. 17

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19. DNA diluted sample( extracted from human). Distal water. Quartz Cuvtte. Spectrophotometer. 19

20. 1- Set and lable 6 test tube : D1, D2, D3,D4,D5,D6 1. In D1 pipette 0.5 ml of isolated DNA (extracted from human) and add to it 4.5ml of disatl water. Mix it very will. 2- Measure the absorbance of D1 at 260nm if it is > 3 : 2. In D2 pipette 0.5 ml of D1,add to it 4.5ml of distal water. Mix it very will. 3- Measure the absorbance of D2 (if the absorbance is greater than 1,dilute the solution until you obtain A260 of 1 or slightly less). 20

21. When the absorbance of solution (A260≈1.0) is obtained read the absorbance of the solution at the following wave lengths: (240,245,250,255,260,265,270,275 and 280 nm) using distal water as blank. Now take the dilution tube which give an absorbance=1,cover the tube and put it in boiling water bath for 15 min. Immediately measure the absorbance at the following wave lengths: (240,245,250,255,260,265,270,275 and 280 nm) using distal water as a blank. 21

22. Plot The absorption spectra of the native DNA solution and the denatured DNA against wave lengths. Record Your result and write your comment in the discussion. Absorbance of heated DNA Absorbance of isolated DNA Wave length (nm) 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 22