2. Plant Reproduction

3. Structure of a Flower 1. Pistil 2. Stigma 3. Style 4. Ovary 5. Stamen 6. Filament 7. Anther 8. Petal 9. Sepal 10. Receptacle 11. Stem

4. Male Reproductive Structure  The stamen consists of two parts: Anther and Filament  The anther is where meiosis occurs to produce haploid pollen  The filament is a stalk that supports the anther

5. Female Reproductive Structure  The pistil consists of the stigma, style and ovary  The sticky stigma receives the pollen from the anther  The pollen grows a tube down through the style  Meiosis occurs in the ovary to produce haploid ovules

6. Accessory Structures |The calyx consists of all the sepals, which protects the flower before it opens |The corolla consists of all the petals, which serve to attract pollinators through color and scent

7. Pollination  Wind, insects or other animals transfer pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another  Flowers vary depending on pollination mechanism

8. Pollination Animation

9. Pollination Vectors Wind Pollination: Dull, scentless flowers with reduced petals Bees/Butterfly Pollination: Bright color, nectaries, scent. They sip nectar, get pollen on coats, transfer pollen from flower to flower

10. Bird Pollination: Nectaries, bright colors, tube-like flowers Moth Pollination: White petals, open at night Fly Pollination:Rank odor, flesh colored petals

11. Fertilization {After pollen lands on stigma, a pollen tube grows down through the style to ovary {Tube contains two sperm nuclei {In ovary, there is one egg or ovule nucleus and two polar nuclei {Double fertilization occurs: one sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg, the other the two polar nuclei

12. Result of Double Fertilization {The sperm nucleus and egg nucleus join to form a 2n (diploid) embryo {The other sperm nucleus and the two polar nuclei join to form a 3n (triploid) endosperm. The endosperm is the food supply for the embryo.

13. Seed and Fruit Development {After fertilization, the petals and sepals fall off flower {Ovary “ripens” into a fruit {The ovule develops into a seed

14. Seed Dispersal Mechanisms- Allow plants to colonize new areas and avoid shade of parent plant Wind Dispersal - Flight mechanisms, like parachutes, wings, etc. Ex. Dandelion, maples, birch Animal Dispersal - Fleshy fruits which animals eat, drop undigested seeds in feces or burrs which stick to animals’ coats

15. Gravity Dispersal - Heavy nuts fall to ground and roll ex. acorns Water Dispersal - Plants near water create floating fruits ex. coconuts

16. Monocot Seed Germination {Monocots grow straight up with coleoptile sheath covering shoot {One embryonic leaf {Seed remains underground

17. Dicot Seed Germination {Curved stem comes up out of soil {Two embryonic leaves {Seed goes above soil

18. Parts of the Embryo {Epicotyl - Grows into the leaves of the plant {Hypocotyl - Becomes the stem {Radicle - Becomes the root