1. OTHER SENSES UNIT 4
Modified PowerPoint from: Aneeq Ahmad -- Henderson State University. Worth Publishers © 2007

2. SKIN AND BODY (SOMATIC) SENSES
Sense of touch is a mix of four distinct skin senses- pressure, warmth, cold, and pain.
Bruce Ayers/ Stone/ Getty Images

3. SKIN SENSES
Only pressure has identifiable receptors, all other skin sensations are variations of pressures, warmth, cold and pain.
Pressure
Vibration
Vibration
Burning hot
Cold, warmth and pain

4. Ashley Blocker (right) feels neither pain
Pain tells the body that something has gone wrong. Usually pain results from damage to the skin and other tissues.
There is a rare disease in which a person feels no pain…known as congenital insensitivity to pain.
Main features of CIP…
lack of pain sensation
injuries to arms, legs,
mouth
inability to sweat
infection of joints
bone fractures
AP Photo/ Stephen Morton
Ashley Blocker (right) feels neither pain
nor extreme hot or cold.

6. BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL INFLUENCES

7. GATE-CONTROL THEORY
Melzak and Wall (1965, 1983) proposed that our spinal cord contains neurological “gates” that either block pain or allow it to be sensed.
Substance P
Neurotransmitter involved in the transmission of pain messages…tells the gate to “open” and send the message to the brain

8. Where are the pain messages sent in the brain?
GATE-CONTROL THEORY
Where are the pain messages sent in the brain?
One way to treat chronic pain is to stimulate it through massage by electrical stimulation or acupuncture. Rubbing causes competitive stimulation to pain thus reduces its effect.

9. PAIN CONTROL
Pain can be controlled by a number of therapies including, drugs, surgery, acupuncture, exercise, hypnosis and even thought distraction.
Burn victims can be distracted by allowing them to engage in illusory virtual reality. Their brain scans show differences in pain perceptions.

10. Pain is NOT merely the result of stimulation…
PHANTOM LIMB PAIN
Pain is NOT merely the result of stimulation…
Phantom Limb Pain (Sensation): people who are missing a limb feel painful sensations that seem to be originating from the missing part
phantom limb sensations could be due to "cross wiring" in the somatosensory cortex with nearby areas taking over for the missing limb, so stimulation of those parts cause a “sensation” in missing limb
Burn victims can be distracted by allowing them to engage in illusory virtual reality. Their brain scans show differences in pain perceptions.

11. Taste buds regenerate approximately every two weeks!
TASTE (GUSTATION)
Papillae shown by dyeing the tongue… 
Taste buds regenerate approximately every two weeks!

12. Umami…. now recognized as 5th taste
Traditionally taste sensations consisted of 4 tastes...
Sour
Bitter
Sweet
Salty
OBJECTIVE 15-3| Describe the sense of taste, and explain the principle of sensory interaction.
Recently receptors 2 other tastes have been discovered…
Umami…. now recognized as 5th taste
Astringent

13. SMELL (OLFACTION)
Like taste smell is a chemical sense. Odorants enter the nasal cavity to stimulate 5 millions receptors to sense smell. Humans can detect about 10,000 odors..
Olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity regenerate approximately once a month.
OBJECTIVE 15-4| Describe the sense of smell and explain why specific odors so easily trigger memories.

14. SMELL AND MEMORIES
Brain region (red) for smell is closely connected with brain regions (limbic system) involved with memory, that is why strong memories are made through the sense of smell.

15. When one sense affects another sense sensory interaction takes place.
So the taste of strawberry interacts with its smell and its texture on the tongue (touch) to produce flavor.

16. BODY POSITION AND MOVEMENT
The sense of our INDIVIDUAL body parts’ position and movement is called kinesthesis.
And the vestibular sense monitors the head (and body’s whole) position…located in the ear.
OBJECTIVE 15-5| Distinguish between kinesthesis and vestibular sense.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Whirling Dervishes
Wire Walk