1. What is disturbance?

2. Disturbance effects Physiology – Stress – Energetics – Body condition Behavior – Movement – Habitat use Fitness – Mortality – Reproductive success – Genetics

3. Effects of Disturbance Fitness Effects No Fitness Effects Fitness Effects No Fitness Effects Fitness Effects No Fitness Effects

4. Complications Indirect effects Cumulative effects Lack of information

5. Bird song Slabbekoorn and Peet (2003)

6. Taylor and Knight (2003)

7. González et al. (2006)

8. Müllner et al. (2004)

9. Banks and Bryant (2007)

10. Woods et al. (2003) - UK

11. Garber and Burger (1995)

12. Key Aspects of Wildlife Conservation Food + Cover + Water + “Space” = Carrying Capacity

13. Carrying capacity

14. 100 Marmots 50 will die over the winter (K=50) 10 predation 10 starvation 10 disease 10 trapping 10 fall off rocks 50 will die over winter (K=50) 0 predation 13 starvation 14 disease 13 trapping 10 fall off rocks 40 will die over winter 0 predation 10 starvation 10 disease 10 trapping 10 fall off rocks (K, now = 60) Compensatory Additive © Michael Gore

15. Hunting Statistics In the U.S., 12.5 million people hunt They generate $23 billion In Vermont, 73,000 hunters – (In-state + out of state) They generate $190 million Data from: http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/fishing.html

16. Wildlife Watching In the U.S., 71.1 million people watch wildlife They generate $45.7 billion In Vermont, 468,000 people watch wildlife They generate $122 million What the…?

17. Life History Strategies Attributer-K- Reprod. PotentialHighLow Population sizeVariableConstant HabitatEarly successionalMid-late success. Parental careMinimalExtensive Age-at-first breed.YoungOlder Juvenile mortalityHighLow Dispersal abilityExcellentLimited

18. Considerations Time of year Species – Life history strategy – Mobility Habitat Type of disturbance

19. Edge Effects