2. Essential Question: How is matter made up?

3. Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space

4. Properties of matter Physical properties: These properties can be observed or studied without changing the matter into something else. Density, color, size, shape, melting point, boiling point, freezing point Chemical properties These properties can only be known when there is a change to the matter- we will end up with something new Frequently the changes that occur are irreversible Flammability, reactivity with other substances

5. Changes to matter Physical changes do not change the substance. Think about a piece of wood, a piece of paper, or a piece of metal. What can we do to them that does not result in something new? A chemical change will produce something new and different than what we started with. Paper, wood, metal, an egg… What can we do to change these?

6. Substance A substance, sometimes called a pure substance, always has the exact same composition- everywhere in the universe. Elements, and compounds are substances

7. The Atom An atom is the smallest piece of matter that cannot be broken down into other substances without losing the properties of the matter. Elements (on the periodic table) are made up of a single type of atom. A chunk of gold has “uncountable numbers” of atoms (gabazillions!!!) together these atoms have the same density, the same color, same melting point, etc.

8. Compound A compound is a combination of two or more DIFFERENTatoms bonded together. Examples: NaCl, C 6 H 12 O 6,MgBr 2, CH 3 OH A molecule is a combination of two or more atoms covalently bonded together. The atoms may be of the same element or different elements. Examples: H 2 O, CO 2, O 2

9. Mixtures A mixture is a combination of substances. They do not have definite and constant composition. Two types of mixtures:

10. Homogeneous mixtures A homogeneous mixture is a mixture that has the same composition throughout. Examples: a beaker of salt water, a glass of Kool-aid, a balloon full of air, Ex: solutions More difficult to separate

11. Heterogeneous mixtures A heterogeneous mixture is one that does not have the same composition throughout. Examples: muddy water; a bucket of sand, salt, and nails; blood; milk Ex: suspensions Easier to separate

13. Parts of an Atom Nucleus – Proton – Neutron Electron

14. Nucleus 2 parts Proton + charge 1.673 x 10 -24 g = Atomic mass unit 1 AMU

15. Neutron No charge 1.675 x 10 -24 g 1 AMU

16. Electron Located outside the nucleus in the electron cloud - charge 9.109 x 10 -28 g 1/1678 AMU (~0 AMU)

17. The Periodic Table Element name Element symbol Atomic number: – Tells how many protons are in the element – this never changes – The number of electrons equals the number of protons (in a neutral atom – we’ll talk about exceptions later) – Which number is the atomic number?

18. Atomic Mass Tells the mass of the element Mass=number of protons + number of neutrons Which number is this?

19. Neutrons Number of neutrons = Atomic mass – atomic number Big # – little # Round the number to the nearest whole number.

20. Exceptions

21. Isotope An element with a different number of neutrons Protium H 1 DeuteriumH 2 TritiumH 3 Carbon 12 Carbon 14

22. Ion An element with a charge Has lost or gained electrons Na + or Na 1+ N 3-