2. Earth Systems Ocean Currents and Wind Currents affect weather patterns and landforms.

3. Earth Structure Crust –Rocky outer layer Mantle –Thick layer of hot but solid rock –There are forces in the mantle that move the crustal plates. Core –Large core of melted metal

4. Plate tectonics Theory of Plate tectonics –Pieces of earth, called plates, move about the earth. –Caused by convection currents

5. Formation of Hawaii Islands Hawaii was formed because the plate was moving over a hot spot (magma chamber). Older islands are farther away from the hot spot; younger islands are closer. http://home.comcast.net/~WilliamsPhillipst on/geology/formationmovie.htmhttp://home.comcast.net/~WilliamsPhillipst on/geology/formationmovie.htm

6. Continental Drift Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) –Hypothesized that continents were once joined together in a supercontinent –Pangea Fossils of the same animals were found on the coasts of South America, Africa, and the Northern tip of Antarctica

7. Sea Floor Spreading Process which new sea floor is created at mid-oceanic ridges. Sea floor spreads apart and magma rises. Water cools the magma, creating a new sea floor

8. Plate Boundaries Outer earth sits on 12 plates. At each plate there is a boundary 3 kinds of boundaries –Divergent –Convergent –Transform

9. Divergent Boundary When plates move away from each other.

10. Convergent Boundary Plates come together or collide. One plate goes under (subduction) another plate Mountain Building

11. Transform Boundary Plates slide past each other in opposite directions California San Andreas Fault

12. This shows all the boundaries at the same time. http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_sci ence/terc/content/visualizations/es0804/es 0804page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualizatio nhttp://www.classzone.com/books/earth_sci ence/terc/content/visualizations/es0804/es 0804page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualizatio n

13. How to tell the age of Rocks Superposition –Younger rocks are on top of older rocks –Only if layer of sedimentary rocks is undisturbed.

14. Rock Folding Sedimentary rock is pushed together near faults. http://www.wwnort on.com/college/ge o/animations/fault_ offsetting.htmhttp://www.wwnort on.com/college/ge o/animations/fault_ offsetting.htm

15. Relative dating Fossils are the age of the rock they are found in. Older fossils on the bottom. Younger fossils on top.

16. Radioactive/Radiometric Dating The exact age of rock/fossils. Scientists can measure the decay of certain elements and determine actual age.

17. Causes of Weather Location Temperature Altitude (height above sea level) Air pressure Wind patterns Ocean current

19. Stars Basic Info Give off massive amounts of energy Hottest stars appear BLUE Next hottest appear RED Coolest stars appear Yellow You can tell the surface temperature of a star with the naked eye.

21. Basic Info cont. Brightest Stars are closest Dim stars are farther away. No direct way of finding exact mass of stars.

22. How Stars form Star is formed when gas and dust become so hot, fusion starts, and they start to emit energy Gravity of this core attracts other particles.

23. Life Stages of a Star

24. Our Sun Our son is approximately 5 billion years old. There is more helium near the core than the outside. There is more hydrogen near the outside then there is near the core.

25. How Stars Produce Energy Nuclear Fusion Hydrogen nuclei fuse together to for Helium atoms

27. Geocentric Theory A model of the solar system where stars and planets revolve around Earth. Developed by ancient Greeks. A.D. 140 NOT HOW THINGS ARE!!!

28. Heliocentric Model Earth and Planets revolve around sun.

29. Big Bang Theory Theory about how universe came into being from a single moment. After the Bang the universe expanded quickly and then cooled. Earth is 13-14 Billion Years old Evidence –Mathematicians have calculated that stars are getting farther away. –Cosmic microwave radiation Energy from initial Big Bang

30. Weather! Factors that affect weather –Lattitude ( how far from equator) –Nearness to large body of water Water cools down slower. –Cleveland, Ohio stays warmer in the fall because Lake Erie stays warmer. –Cleveland, Ohio stays cooler in the spring because Lake Erie takes longer to heat up. –Altitude The higher up you are, the colder you are.

31. How We Affect The Earth: Exponential Population Growth

32. Implications of Overpopulation Increased CO 2 in air Decrease O 2 –Cutting down trees = less green = less oxygen Increased waste Depletion of natural resources multiplied Water quality decrease –Trees and plants prevent erosion –Increased erosion means more soil pesticides running off into water