1. Chapter 12 Aldehydes and Ketones Irene Lee Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH ©2004, Prentice Hall

2. Nomenclature of Aldehydes

3. Nomenclature of Ketones

5. An aldehyde has a greater partial positive charge on its carbonyl carbon than does a ketone

7. The carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde is more accessible to the nucleophile Ketones have greater steric crowding in their transition states, so they have less stable transition states Steric factors contribute to the reactivity of an aldehyde

8. Formation of a New Carbon–Carbon Bond Using Grignard Reagents Grignard reagents react with aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acid derivatives 格林试剂

9. 亲核加成反应机理

11. Aldehydes and ketones react with nucleophiles to form addition products: nucleophile addition reactions Nu - ： 亲核加成反应机理

12. Reaction with Acetylide Ions

14. Synthesis Using Cyanohydrin

16. Hydride addition Functional group transformation :H –

17. Utilization of DIBAL to Control the Reduction Reaction

18. Imine formation a Schiff base

19. The keto group is protected as a ketal in this synthesis

21. Enolates lithium diisopropylamide LDA LDA is a bulky molecule and this prevents it attacking the carbonyl group in a nucleophilic substitution reaction.

22. Alkylations