2. Introduction  The body and the environment around it  React to exposure of natural and man-made chemicals  Discussion of  The bones/their mineral content  Crystal chemistry and structure  Analysis of Bone  Osteoporosis

3. Mineralized Tissues  Calcium phosphate hydroxylapatite  Normal mineralized tissues: Teeth (enamel, dentine & cementum) Bone  Pathological mineralization Tumors, scar tissue, arteries, kidneys, dental calculus.

4. Composition of Mineralized Tissues

5. Changing Minerals  Hexagonal structure of bioapatites can bind to compounds other than calcium Lead ○ Gasoline, uranium, soil, leaded paint Florine (fluoride in water) Composition changes ○ Age ○ Geographical location ○ Ingestion of food and water

6. Osteoporosis is?  Normal mineral/collagen ratio Decreased mineral tissue per unit area  Influenced by environmental factors Apparent Density

7. Osteoporosis Detection  Mineral concentration per mass of bone is measured. Porous bone

8. Osteoporosis Mineral Focused Treatments  Fluoride May affect bone cells and the formation of the organic matrix. ○ Narrow therapeutic window  Bisphosphonates Prevents resorption of calcium phosphates by osteoclast cells to prevent dissolution of bioapatite. ○ May cause osteoclast apoptosis  Hormones Estrogen ○ Important in keeping calcium levels adequate for proper skeletal mineralization.

9. Conclusion  Mineralized tissues play a role in growth development and maintenance of all bodily functions, organs, and tissues.  Bioapatite as a record keeper of chemicals ingested and our environments. Three forward!