1. The amazing world of Pharmaceuticals

2. Wikipedia – The free Encyclopedia defines the term “Pharmaceutical drug” as…….
A pharmaceutical drug, also referred to as a medicine or medication, can be loosely defined as any chemical substance intended for use in the medical diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of disease.[1][2] The word pharmaceutical comes from the Greek word Pharmakeia. The modern transliteration of Pharmakeia is Pharmacia.

3. The following are commercials for Panadol, Strepsils & Nurofen:

4. Clearasil Ultra Rapid Action Daily Face Wash:

5. Nurofen commercial extended…..
What did you learn from the information provided in this advertisement?

6. Your Homework task for tonight…..
Choose one of the following household medications (or one that you’ve checked with your teacher).
Find out what the active ingredient/s in your chosen product is/are. Provide structural formulae for the active ingredient/s AND circle and name the functional groups present.
e.g.
‘Difflam’ contains the active ingredient: benzydamine hydrochloride
Panadol
Nurophen
Codral
Strepsils
Clearasil
Alkene
Ether
(Not required for Y13)
Amine

7. The following slides are intended to help ‘mark’ the homework task

8. Active Ingredient in Panadol:
Paracetamol:

9. Activie ingredients in Codral:
Paracetamol:
Pseudoephedrine (Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride):
Codeine (codeine phosphate):

10. Active ingredients in Strepsils:
Amylmetacresol:
Dichlorobenzyl alcohol:

11. Active ingredient in Nurofen:
Ibuprofen:

12. What is ibuprofen?
Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It works by reducing hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body.
Ibuprofen is used to reduce fever and treat pain or inflammation caused by many conditions such as headache, toothache, back pain, arthritis, menstrual cramps, or minor injury.

13. Active ingredients in Clearasil:
Salicylic acid:
Benzoyl Peroxide:

14. Your Homework task for tonight…..
Think carefully about the compound/s you found existing in house-hold medications.
Where do you think they came from?
How do you think they were discovered?
How do we get so much of the compound/s (for consumer use)?
Write brief answers for each of the above questions. This will lead us into tomorrow’s lesson.

15. Identifying Organic Structures
In order to identify organic structures, we need to be able to understand what they look like and we need to be able to name them.
Compounds often have ‘common names’, but we can also name them using the ‘IUPAC system’ (International Union of Pure & Applied Chemistry system). You will name compounds using the IUPAC system.
When identifying compounds, we can group them by the functional groups that are present in the compounds.
Having a knowledge of the functional groups present, can help us to understand how the compounds can react.

16. Functional groups
Compounds containing the same functional group belong to the same homologous series / homologous family.
This year we will continue investigating the homologous families studied in Level 2 as well as a few more. So, this year we will look at:
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Alcohols
Haloalkanes
Carboxylic acids
Aldehydes
Ketones
Esters
Acid chlorides
Amides
Amines

17. Naming & Drawing Organic Compounds
Using the hand out provided, practise drawing or naming the organic structures given to you on the whiteboard.

18. Isomers
When compounds have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula, we call these isomers.
3 types of isomers we will look at this year are:
Constitutional isomers
Geometric isomers
Optical isomers

19. Geometric isomers These are also known as cis/trans isomers.
They are one type of Stereoisomerism.
These exist in alkenes because the double bond does NOT allow for free rotation. This means that groups are fixed in position and compounds are different structurally.
Geometric isomers behave the same chemically, but may have some different physical properties.
Read page 106 and note down the examples of differences in physical properties of geometric isomers.

20. Optical isomers This is another type of stereoisomerism
These contain an asymmetric (chiral) carbon, where there are 4 different groups attached to any particular carbon in the organic molecule.
Optical isomers are mirror images of each other and therefore are NOT superimposable.
Optical isomers mostly behave the same chemically, but have one major difference physically: They rotate plane-polarised light in opposite directions.
However, some naturally occurring molecules or specifically synthesised pharmaceuticals show different chemical reactivity.
Read pages 106 – 107 to see detail about what this means.

21. OPTICAL ISOMERISM - THALIDOMIDE
The drug, THALIDOMIDE is a chiral molecule and can exist as two enantiomers. In the 1960’s it was used to treat anxiety and morning sickness in pregnant women. Tragically, many gave birth to children with deformities and missing limbs.
It turned out that only one of the enantiomers (the structure on the right on the next slide) was effective and safe; its optically active counterpart was not. The major problem was that during manufacture a mixture of the isomers was produced. The drug was banned world-wide, but not after tens of thousands of babies had been affected.

23. Constitutional isomers
These are isomers that do not fit into the other two isomer categories.
They include chain isomerism, functional group isomerism and positional isomerism.
Often the chemical and physical properties are the same for constitutional isomers.