1. Carbon Chapter 4

2. Carbon

3. Organic chemistry Study of carbon compounds All life contains carbon

4. Carbon 4 valence electrons 4 covalent bonds Single, double and triple bonds Oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen

6. Urea

7. Hydrocarbons Molecules containing only carbon & hydrogen Chains Rings Branch

8. Hydrocarbons

9. Octane

10. A fat molecule Hydrocarbons

11. Isomers Compounds with the same molecular formula But different structures & properties Structural isomers: Different covalent arrangements of their atoms Geometric isomers: Same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements

12. Isomers Enantiomers: Isomers that are mirror images of each other

13. Fig. 4-7 Pentane (a) Structural isomers (b) Geometric isomers 2-methyl butane cis isomer: The two Xs are on the same side. trans isomer: The two Xs are on opposite sides. (c) Enantiomers L isomer D isomer

14. Structural isomers

15. (R)-ibuprofen (S)-ibuprofen Eantiomers

16. Fig. 4-UN9 L -dopa D -dopa

17. Fig. 4-8 Drug Ibuprofen Albuterol Condition Pain; inflammation Asthma Effective Enantiomer S-Ibuprofen R-Albuterol R-Ibuprofen S-Albuterol Ineffective Enantiomer

18. Functional groups Chemical groups attached to a carbon Unique chemical properties

19. Fig. 4-9 Estradiol Testosterone

20. Functional groups 1. Hydroxyl -OH Alcohols 2. Carboxyl -COOH Organic acids

21. Functional groups 3. Carbonyl C=O Aldehydes and ketones 4. Amino -NH 2 Amines

22. Functional groups 5. Sulfhydryl -SH Thiols 6. Phosphates -OPO 3 -3 7. Methyl -CH 3

23. Functional groups

25. ATP Adenosine triphosphate