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8 Photosynthesis
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(c) Unicellular eukaryotes
Figure 8.2 40 m (d) Cyanobacteria (a) Plants Figure 8.2 Photoautotrophs (b) Multicellular alga 1 m (e) Purple sulfur bacteria 10 m (c) Unicellular eukaryotes 2
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Leaf cross section Chloroplasts Vein Mesophyll Stomata CO2 O2
Figure 8.3a Leaf cross section Chloroplasts Vein Mesophyll Figure 8.3a Zooming in on the location of photosynthesis in a plant (part 1: leaf cross section) Stomata CO2 O2 4
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Chloroplast Mesophyll cell Outer Thylakoid membrane Granum Thylakoid
Figure 8.3b Chloroplast Mesophyll cell Outer membrane Thylakoid Granum Thylakoid space Intermembrane space Stroma 20 m Inner membrane Figure 8.3b Zooming in on the location of photosynthesis in a plant (part 2: chloroplast) 1 m 5
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Reactants: 6 CO2 12 H2O Products: C6H12O6 6 H2O 6 O2 Figure 8.4
Figure 8.4 Tracking atoms through photosynthesis 6
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becomes reduced becomes oxidized Figure 8.UN01
Figure 8.UN01 In-text figure, photosynthesis equation, p. 158 7
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Calvin Cycle Light Reactions [CH2O] (sugar)
Figure 8.5-4 H2O CO2 Light NADP ADP P i Calvin Cycle Light Reactions ATP Figure An overview of photosynthesis: cooperation of the light reactions and the Calvin cycle (step 4) NADPH Chloroplast [CH2O] (sugar) O2 8
![Calvin Cycle Light Reactions [CH2O] (sugar)](http://slideplayer.com/slide/9336900/28/images/8/Calvin+Cycle+Light+Reactions+%5BCH2O%5D+%28sugar%29.jpg "Figure H2O. CO2. Light. NADP ADP. P i. Calvin. Cycle. Light. Reactions. ATP. Figure An overview of photosynthesis: cooperation of the light reactions and the Calvin cycle (step 4) NADPH. Chloroplast. [CH2O] (sugar) O2. 8.")
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1 m (109 nm) 10−5 nm 10−3 nm 1 nm 103 nm 106 nm 103 m Micro- waves
Figure 8.6 1 m (109 nm) 10−5 nm 10−3 nm 1 nm 103 nm 106 nm 103 m Micro- waves Gamma rays Radio waves X-rays UV Infrared Visible light Figure 8.6 The electromagnetic spectrum 380 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 nm Shorter wavelength Longer wavelength Higher energy Lower energy 9
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Light Reflected light Chloroplast Absorbed Granum light Transmitted
Figure 8.7 Light Reflected light Chloroplast Figure 8.7 Why leaves are green: interaction of light with chloroplasts Absorbed light Granum Transmitted light 10
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The high transmittance (low absorption) reading indicates
Figure 8.8 Technique White light Refracting prism Chlorophyll solution Photoelectric tube Galvanometer 2 3 1 4 The high transmittance (low absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs very little green light. Slit moves to pass light of selected wavelength. Green light Figure 8.8 Research method: determining an absorption spectrum The low transmittance (high absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs most blue light. Blue light 11
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Chloro- phyll a Absorption of light by chloroplast pigments
Figure 8.9a Chloro- phyll a Chlorophyll b Absorption of light by chloroplast pigments Carotenoids 400 500 600 700 Figure 8.9a Inquiry: which wavelengths of light are most effective in driving photosynthesis? (part 1: absorption spectra) Wavelength of light (nm) (a) Absorption spectra 12
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(measured by O2 photosynthesis Rate of release)
Figure 8.9b (measured by O2 photosynthesis Rate of release) 400 500 600 700 Figure 8.9b Inquiry: which wavelengths of light are most effective in driving photosynthesis? (part 2: action spectrum) (b) Action spectrum 13
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(a) Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule (b) Fluorescence
Figure 8.11 Excited state e− Heat Energy of electron Photon (fluorescence) Photon Ground state Figure 8.11 Excitation of isolated chlorophyll by light Chlorophyll molecule (a) Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule (b) Fluorescence 14
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(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID) Protein subunits THYLAKOID SPACE
Figure 8.12 Photosystem STROMA Photon Light- harvesting complexes Reaction- center complex Primary electron acceptor e Chlorophyll STROMA Thylakoid membrane Thylakoid membrane Transfer of energy Special pair of chlorophyll a molecules Pigment molecules Figure 8.12 The structure and function of a photosystem THYLAKOID SPACE (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID) Protein subunits THYLAKOID SPACE (a) How a photosystem harvests light (b) Structure of a photosystem 15
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(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
Figure 8.12a Photosystem STROMA Photon Light- harvesting complexes Reaction- center complex Primary electron acceptor e− Thylakoid membrane Figure 8.12a The structure and function of a photosystem (part 1) Pigment molecules Transfer of energy Special pair of chlorophyll a molecules THYLAKOID SPACE (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID) (a) How a photosystem harvests light 16
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(b) Structure of a photosystem
Figure 8.12b Chlorophyll STROMA Thylakoid membrane Protein subunits THYLAKOID SPACE Figure 8.12b The structure and function of a photosystem (part 2) (b) Structure of a photosystem 17
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Calvin Cycle Light Reactions
Figure 8.UN02 H2O CO2 Light NADP ADP Calvin Cycle Light Reactions ATP Figure 8.UN02 In-text figure, light reaction schematic, p. 164 NADPH O2 [CH2O] (sugar) 18
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Primary acceptor Electron transport chain Primary acceptor
Figure 8.UN05 Primary acceptor Electron transport chain Primary acceptor Electron transport chain Fd NADP H2O Pq NADP reductase H O2 NADPH Cytochrome complex Pc Figure 8.UN05 Summary of key concepts: the light reactions Photosystem I ATP Photosystem II 19
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Mill makes ATP NADPH Photosystem II Photosystem I Photon Photon
Figure 8.14 Mill makes ATP NADPH Photon Figure 8.14 A mechanical analogy for linear electron flow during the light reactions Photon Photosystem II Photosystem I 20
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Photosystem I (PS I) Photosystem II (PS II)
Figure 4 Electron transport chain 7 Electron transport chain Primary acceptor Primary acceptor Fd Pq e− 8 2 NADP e− 2 H H2O e− e− Cytochrome complex H NADP reductase 2 1 3 O2 NADPH Pc e− P700 P680 1 e− 5 Light Light 6 ATP Figure How linear electron flow during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH (steps 7-8) Pigment molecules Photosystem I (PS I) Photosystem II (PS II) 21
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Electron transport chain ATP synthase
Figure 8.15 MITOCHONDRION STRUCTURE CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE Inter- membrane space H Diffusion Thylakoid space Electron transport chain Inner membrane Thylakoid membrane Figure 8.15 Comparison of chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts ATP synthase Matrix Stroma Key ADP P i ATP Higher [H] H Lower [H] 22
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Electron transport chain
Figure 8.15a MITOCHONDRION STRUCTURE CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE Inter- membrane space H Diffusion Thylakoid space Electron transport chain Inner membrane Thylakoid membrane ATP synthase Matrix Stroma Figure 8.15a Comparison of chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts (detail) Key ADP P i ATP Higher [H] H Lower [H] 23
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Calvin Cycle Light Reactions
Figure 8.UN02 H2O CO2 Light NADP ADP Calvin Cycle Light Reactions ATP Figure 8.UN02 In-text figure, light reaction schematic, p. 164 NADPH O2 [CH2O] (sugar) 24
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Cytochrome complex NADP reductase To Calvin Cycle ATP synthase
Figure 8.16 Cytochrome complex NADP reductase Photosystem II Photosystem I Light 4 H 3 Light NADP H Fd Pq NADPH e− Pc e− 2 H2O 1 2 1 O2 THYLAKOID SPACE (high H concentration) 2 H 4 H To Calvin Cycle Figure 8.16 The light reactions and chemiosmosis: the organization of the thylakoid membrane Thylakoid membrane ATP synthase STROMA (low H concentration) ADP ATP P i H 25
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Calvin Cycle Light Reactions
Figure 8.UN03 H2O CO2 Light NADP ADP Calvin Cycle Light Reactions ATP Figure 8.UN03 In-text figure, Calvin cycle schematic, p. 168 NADPH O2 [CH2O] (sugar) 26
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Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco
Figure Input 3 as 3 CO2 Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco 3 P P 3 P P 6 P RuBP 3-Phosphoglycerate Calvin Cycle Figure The Calvin cycle (step 1) 27
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Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco
Figure Input 3 as 3 CO2 Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco 3 P P 3 P P 6 P RuBP 3-Phosphoglycerate 6 ATP 6 ADP Calvin Cycle 6 P P 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 6 NADPH 6 NADP 6 P i Figure The Calvin cycle (step 2) 6 P G3P Phase 2: Reduction Glucose and other organic compounds 1 P G3P Output 28
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Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco
Figure Input 3 as 3 CO2 Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco 3 P P 3 P P 6 P RuBP 3-Phosphoglycerate 6 ATP 6 ADP 3 ADP Calvin Cycle 6 P P 3 ATP 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 6 NADPH Phase 3: Regeneration of RuBP 6 NADP 6 P i 5 P Figure The Calvin cycle (step 3) G3P 6 P G3P Phase 2: Reduction Glucose and other organic compounds 1 P G3P Output 29
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Calvin Cycle Regeneration of CO2 acceptor
Figure 8.UN06 3 CO2 Carbon fixation 3 5C 6 3C Calvin Cycle Regeneration of CO2 acceptor 5 3C Figure 8.UN06 Summary of key concepts: the Calvin cycle Reduction 1 G3P (3C) 30
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Calvin Cycle Calvin Cycle
Figure 8.18 Sugarcane Pineapple 1 1 CO2 CO2 C4 CAM Mesophyll cell Organic acid Organic acid Night CO2 2 CO2 2 Figure 8.18 C4 and CAM photosynthesis compared Bundle- sheath cell Day Calvin Cycle Calvin Cycle Sugar Sugar (a) Spatial separation of steps (b) Temporal separation of steps 31
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Electron transport chain Electron transport chain
Figure 8.19 H2O CO2 Light NADP ADP P i Light Reactions: RuBP 3-Phosphpglycerate Photosystem II Electron transport chain Calvin Cycle Photosystem I Electron transport chain ATP G3P Figure 8.19 A review of photosynthesis Starch (storage) NADPH Chloroplast O2 Sucrose (export) 32
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