2. CHAPTER 2: APPLICATIONS

3. Military Applications:
Command, Control, Communications, Computing, Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance, Targeting (C4ISRT)
Monitoring friendly forces, equipment and ammunition
Battlefield surveillance
Reconnaissance of opposing forces and terrain
Targeting
Battle damage assessment
Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC) attack detection and
reconnaissance

4. Sniper Detection BBN Boomerang Currently deployed in Iraq
Humvee-mounted tetrahedral arrays to sense muzzle blast and shockwave

5. Sniper Detection via WSNs
Boomerang relies on a single point of detection
Possible scenarios
PinPtr
Uses a spatially distributed WSN to detect snipers

6. PinPtr in Action 6

7. Further Military Applications
Intrusion detection (mine fields)
Detection of firing gun location
Chemical/Biological attack detection
Targeting and target tracking systems
Enhanced navigation systems
Battle damage assessment system

8. Environmental Applications
Tracking the movements of birds, small animals,
and insects
Monitoring environmental conditions that affect
crops and livestock (precision agriculture)
Irrigation
Flood Detection
Earth monitoring and planetary exploration

9. Environmental Applications
Biological, Earth, and environmental monitoring
in marine, soil, and atmospheric contexts
Meteorological or geophysical research
Pollution Study
Forest Fire Detection 9

10. Habitat Monitoring http://www. greatduckisland
Habitat Monitoring Great Duck Island in Maine.

11. Cane Toad Monitoring http://www. cse. unsw. edu
University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Monitoring cane toads in Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory, Australia
Cane toads (Bufo marinus) - introduced to control sugar pests in Australia about 70
years ago

12. ZebraNet
Animal Tracking – Use collars with GPS to monitor the walking patterns of zebras in Kenya
Collect detailed, accurate position
logs of each zebra
Have a high data recovery rate
Autonomous Operation

13. Forest Fire Detection: Firebug http://firebug.sourceforge.net/
Temperature and humidity sensor
Barometric pressure sensor
GPS unit
Accelerometer
Light Intensity Sensor 13 13

14. Disaster Relief Operations
Earthquake-rubbled buildings (robots and sensors):
locate survivors, evaluate structural damage 14

15. Health Applications Patient Monitoring Helping Disabled Diagnostics
Telemonitoring of human physiological data
Tracking and monitoring doctors and
patients inside a hospital, and

16. CodeBlue: WSNs for Medical Care (m-HEALTH) http://www. eecs. harvard
NSF, NIH, U.S. Army, Sun Microsystems and Microsoft Corporation
Motivation - Vital sign data poorly integrated with pre-hospital and hospital-based patient care records

17. CodeBlue: WSNs for Medical Care
Small wearable sensors
Wireless pulse oximeter
Based on the Mica2, MicaZ, and Telos sensor node platforms
Custom sensor board with pulse oximeter or EKG circuitry
Pluto mote
scaled-down version of the Telos
rechargeable Li-ion battery
small USB connector
3-axis accelerometer 17 17

18. CodeBlue: WSNs for Medical Care
Intel SHIMMER mote
CC2420 IEEE radio
Rechargeable Li-polymer battery
MicroSD slot supporting up to
2 GBytes
(more than 80 days of data)
Optional Bluetooth radio 18

19. Wireless Automatic Meter Reading (WAMR) Systems for Power Utilities: M2M Communication

20. Smart Roads: M2M * Traffic monitoring, accident detection, recovery
assistance
* Finding out empty parking lots in a city, without asking a server (car-to-car communication)
* Vehicle tracking and detection 20

21. Buildings (or Bridges)
- High-rise buildings self-detect structural faults
Reduce energy wastage by proper humidity, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) control
Needs measurements about room occupancy, temperature, air flow, …
Monitor mechanical stress after earthquakes

22. Further Applications Factory Floor Automation Constructing Smart Homes
Monitoring Product Quality
Factory Floor Automation
Constructing Smart Homes
Constructing Smart Office Spaces
Smart Spaces

23. MORE APPLICATIONS Facility Management
Intrusion detection into industrial sites
Control of leakages in chemical plants, …

24. Wireless Underground Sensor Networks I. F
Wireless Underground Sensor Networks I.F. Akyildiz and Erich Stuntebeck, “Wireless Underground Sensor Networks: Research Challenges”, Ad Hoc Networks (Elsevier) Journal, Nov
Sink
Soil Condition
Sensor
Water
Salinity
Temperature

25. UNDERGROUND SENSOR NETWORKS
COMMUNICATION
through
SOIL
COMMUNICATION in
MINES & TUNNELS

26. APPLICATIONS Environmental Security:
Earthquake and landslide prediction and monitoring
Groundwater monitoring
Toxic substance monitoring near wells and aquifers
National Security:
Concealed and autonomous border patrol
Intruder detection
Personal Safety:
Mine disaster prevention & rescue
Road & subway accident prevention & rescue

27. APPLICATIONS
Soil condition monitoring for intelligent agriculture and landscaping
Oil Reservoir monitoring for upstream oil & gas industry
Intelligent traffic system in road & subway tunnels

28. APPLICATIONS * pipes * electrical wiring, * liquid storage tanks
Underground infrastructure monitoring such as
* pipes
* electrical wiring,
* liquid storage tanks
* underground fuel tanks
* septic tanks
Monitoring the structural health of any underground
components of a building, bridge, or dam

29. APPLICATIONS Sports field monitoring Golf courses Soccer fields
Baseball fields
Grass tennis courts

30. Major Undetected Pipe Leak in 2006 [New York Times, March 15, 2006 ]
APPLICATION Example 1
Major Undetected Pipe Leak in 2006 [New York Times, March 15, 2006 ]
The largest oil spill occurred on the tundra of Alaska's North Slope
270 K gallons of thick crude oil spilled over two acres
Oil escaped through a pinprick-size hole in a corroded 34-inch pipe
Most of the oil seeped beneath the snow without attracting the attention of workers monitoring alarm systems
The spill went undetected for as long as five days

31. Underground Pipeline Monitoring
Z. Sun, et.al., "MISE-PIPE: Magnetic Induction-based Wireless Sensor Networks for Underground Pipeline Monitoring," Ad Hoc Networks Journal (Elsevier), May 2011.
Sink
Flow Direction
Sensor (powered by fluid flow)

32. Intelligent Irrigation
APPLICATION Example 2
Intelligent Irrigation
Irrigation: 69% of worldwide water consumption.
Current solution:
Apply uniform irrigation in the whole field using predetermined plan.
Intelligent irrigation:
Apply right amount of water at the right location and right time.
Depends on underground sensor networks
Fresh Water Usage in the World
(2007)
Irrigation 69%

33. APPLICATION Example 3 Border Patrol
Z. Sun et.al., "BorderSense: Border Patrol through Advanced Wireless Sensor Networks,"
Ad Hoc Networks Journal (Elsevier), May 2011.
Conventional Border Patrol Systems:
Extensive human resources needed
Intruder can avoid the check points
New border patrol system:
Hybrid sensor system consists of:
Underground sensors
Unmanned aerial vehicle

34. Oil Reservoir Monitoring
APPLICATION Example 4
Oil Reservoir Monitoring
Terrestrial/seabed oil recovery
Large but thin fracture filled with water/oil
Very small sensor (<1 cm)
RF-challenged environment
Water/oil + soil + tunnel

35. Mine Disaster Prevention & Rescue
APPLICATION Example 5
Mine Disaster Prevention & Rescue
No existing technique supports disaster-immune communication and localization in UG mines.
Based on our research on mine communications, the hybrid EM-MI system can realize the disaster immunity.

36. Landslide detection system using WSN at Munnar, Idukki, Kerala, India
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 6: AMRITA WSN System for Landslide Detection
Landslide detection system using WSN at Munnar, Idukki, Kerala, India
WSN in combination with Wi-Fi and satellite technology
Multiple sets of geophysical sensors inside a column
5 -6 m buried in the earth

37. AMRITA WSN System for Landslide Detection http://www. amrita
Data retrieved using spatially distributed WSN
Wireless sensor nodes forward data on to a Gateway
Gateway sends data via a directional Wi-Fi link to a Field Data Management Center (FMC)
Finally collected at a Data Management Center (DMC) through a satellite link 252 km away from the deployment field

38. UNDERWATER SENSOR NETWORKS I. F. Akyildiz, D. Pompili, T
UNDERWATER SENSOR NETWORKS I.F. Akyildiz, D. Pompili, T. Melodia, “Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks: Research Challenges”, Ad Hoc Networks (Elsevier) Journal, March 2005.
Applications:
Ocean Sampling Networks
Pollution Monitoring and other environmental monitoring
(chemical, biological)
Disaster Prevention
Assisted Navigation
Distributed Tactical Surveillance
Mine Reconnaissance

39. UNDERWATER SENSOR NETWORKS 3D DYNAMIC Architecture using AUVs39

40. Ocean Sampling Sensors
Acoustic Transponders
Precision Marine Geodetic Systems
Spread Spectrum Modem

41. Ocean Sampling Sensors
Point measurements in upper water column 10 and 25 mi off Moss Landing
Drift buoy: Path followed by surface currents
Surface station

42. Autonomuos Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)
CARIBOU by Bluefin Robotics Corporation
Equipped with state-of-the-art sensors (side-scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler), and can collect high-quality data for:
Archaeological remote sensing
Multi-static acoustic modeling
Fisheries resource studies and
Development of concurrent mapping and localization techniques.

43. Autonomuos Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)
Solar recharged AUV
Phantom HD2 ROV

44. Manufacturers of Sensor Devices
Crossbow (
Mica2 mote, Micaz, Dot mote and Stargate Platform
Intel Research (
Stargate, iMote
Cogent Computer (
Mote iv – Telos Mote (
Ember (

45. Manufacturers of Sensor Devices
Texas Instruments
Motorola
Siemens
Eaton
Samsung
Mitsubishi
ZigBee Alliance develops a standard for wireless low-power, low-rate devices.

46. BIG PICTURE

47. WSN Standards
Following thousands of papers, three main standards emerged:
IEEE : Defines MAC and PHY layers
ZigBee: Internet-independent standard backed by hundreds of players (TI, Kroger(!), Philips, GE, Intel, Siemens, Sony, Whirlpool, etc…) – sits on top of
6LowPAN: Extend Internet to WSNs (IPv6  WSN) – sits on top of
Other standards
WirelessHART, WINA: Industrial networking
ISA SP100.11a: Process and factory automation

48. ZigBee and 802.15.4 ZigBee sits on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard
defines the MAC and PHY layers.

49. IEEE 802.15.4: Types of Devices Full Function Device (FFD):
Can send beacons
Can communicate with other FFDs
Can route frames
Can act as PAN coordinator
Typically features power supply
Reduced Function Device (RFD):
Cannot route frames
Cannot communicate with other RFDs
Can communicate with FFD
Runs typically on batteries
PAN Coordinator
Is responsible of a Personal Area Network (PAN)
Manages PAN association/de-association

50. Supported Topologies
Star
Mesh

51. IEEE : PHY Layer

52. IEEE 802.15.4: MAC Layer Two operation modes: Beacon Enabled
PAN coordinator periodically transmits beacons
Usually adopted in star topologies
Slotted CSMA/CA + scheduled transmissions (TDMA)
Non-Beacon Enabled
Uncoordinated access through unslotted CSMA/CA

53. ZigBee: Routing Three Types of Devices: ZigBee Routing Integrates:
ZB Coordinator (FFD)
ZB Router (FFD)
ZB End-Device (RFD o FFD)
ZigBee Routing Integrates:
Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV)
Cluster Tree Algorithm
Thousands of papers on routing in WSNs… and we are back to AODV!!!

54. 6LowPAN IPv6  WSNs – Integrate WSNs into the Internet
An Adaptation Layer to fit IPv6 over low-power wireless area networks
Mostly focused on compressing IPv6 header into smaller packets
1280 byte IPv6 MTU -> 127 byte frames
Sits on top of IEEE MAC and PHY

55. Myths and Reality Hundreds of nodes in a network
Large-scale multi-hop networks
Data-centric routing, stateless routing, cluster-based routing, geographical routing, etc…
<$1 e.a.
Tens of nodes in a network
Mostly rely on star topologies and coordinators
AODV
~$100 e.a.

56. A LOOK INTO THE FUTURE: Limitations of current MICRO-sensor networks
Limited capabilities
Limited computing and data storage capabilities
Limited communication bandwidth
Limited power and energy systems (huge impact on network lifetime, reliability).
Size (current sensor dimensions also limit their applications).

57. HOW ABOUT NANO-SENSORS ?
Nanotechnology is enabling the development of novel nano-devices which are:
Much smaller
Less power hungry + self-powered
Able to do some processing + data storage
New nanosensing capabilities

58. APPLICATION: INTERNET OF NANOTHINGS SMART office
Intra/Over body Nano-Things
Internet
Consumer Electronic Devices
“Other Nano-Things”

59. APPLICATION: CHEMICAL ATTACK PREVENTION
Nano-Sensors
Consumer Electronic Devices

60. Application: Advanced Health SYSTEMS
Internet
Healthcare Provider
Intra/Over Body Nano-Things

61. Application: Advanced Health SYSTEMS
Nanosensors in the body can be connected to the Internet by means of nano-to-micro interfaces, thus allowing remote:
Glucose, sodium and other ions monitoring and control.
Cancer monitoring and control.
Smart intra-body drug delivery.
Brain pathologies such as Alzheimer's, epilepsy and depression detection and control.
Infectious agents detection (e.g., malaria).