1. Syntax

2. What is syntax? Word order The manner in which a speaker or author constructs a sentence affects what the audience understands. inverted order of an interrogative cues reader/listener to a question and creates tension short sentences often emphatic, passionate, flippant longer sentences suggest writer’s deliberate, thoughtful response very long, discursive sentences give a rambling, meditative tone

3. Sentence Structure The way a sentence is arranged, grammatically Ask yourself questions to help determine sentence structure

4. Sentence Structure Are the sentences telegraphic (shorter than 5 words), short (about 5 words), medium (about 18 words), or long and involved (30 or more words)? What is the effect of the sentence length?

5. Sentence Structure Examine sentence beginnings. Is there a good variety or does a pattern emerge?

6. Sentence Structure Examine the arrangement of ideas in a sentence. Are they set out in a special way for a purpose?

7. Sentence Structure Do the same for a paragraph. Does the arrangement of ideas suggest a particular strategy on the part of the author?

8. Sentence Patterns Declarative makes a statement“The king is sick.” Imperative gives a command“Cure the king!” Interrogative asks a question“Is the king sick?” Exclamatory provides emphasis or expresses strong emotion “The king is dead! Long live the king!”

9. Sentence Patterns Simple contains one independent clause (subject, verb, and complete thought) “The singer bowed to her adoring audience.” Compound contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) or by a semicolon “The singer bowed to the audience, but she sang no more encores.” Complex contains an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses (subject and verb, no complete thought) “Because the singer was tired, she went straight to bed after the concert.”

10. Sentence Patterns Compound-Complex contains two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses (aka dependent clauses) “The singer bowed while the audience applauded, but she sang no encores.” Loose/Cumulative makes complete sense even if brought to a close before the actual ending “We reached Edmonton that morning after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, tired but exhilarated, full of stories to tell our friends and neighbors.”

11. Sentence Patterns Periodic makes sense fully only when the end is reached “That morning, after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, we reached Edmonton.” Balanced the phrases or clauses balance each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length “He maketh me to lie down in green pastures; he leadeth me beside the still waters.”

12. Sentence Patterns Natural order constructing a sentence so the subject comes before the predicate “Oranges grow in California.” Inverted order constructing a sentence so the predicate comes before the subject reversal used to create an emphatic or rhythmic effect “In California grow the oranges.”

13. Sentence Patterns Juxtaposition a poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, often creating an effect of surprise and wit “The apparition of these faces in the crowd:/Petals on a wet, black bough” (“In a Station of the Metro” by Ezra Pound)

14. Sentence Patterns Parallel Structure (Parallelism) a grammatical or structural similarity between sentences or parts of a sentence involves arrangement of words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs so that elements of equal importance are equally developed and similarly phrased “He loved swimming, running, and playing tennis.” Repetition a device in which words, sounds, or ideas are used more than once to enhance rhythm and create emphasis “...government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” (“Address at Gettysburg” by Abraham Lincoln)

15. Sentence Patterns Rhetorical question requires no answer used to draw attention to a point and generally stronger than a direct statement “If Mr. Ferchoff is always fair, as you have said, why did he refuse to listen to Mrs. Baldwin’s arguments?” Rhetorical fragment used deliberately for a persuasive purpose or to create a desired effect “Something to consider.”

16. Sentence Patterns Anaphora the repetition of the same words or a group of words at the beginning of successive clauses “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing-grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills.” (Winston Churchill) Asyndeton deliberate omission of conjunctions “I came, I saw, I conquered.” (Julius Caesar) Chiasmus arrangement of ideas in the second clause is a reversal of the first “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” (John F. Kennedy)

17. Sentence Patterns Polysyndeton deliberate use of many conjunctions for special emphasis to highlight quantity or mass of detail or to create a flowing, continuous sentence pattern “The meal was huge—my mother fixed okra and green beans and ham and apple pie and green pickled tomatoes and ambrosia salad and all manner of fine country food—but no matter how I tried, I could not consume it to her satisfaction.”

18. Sentence Patterns Stichomythia dialogue, exchanged in rapid fire single lines, in which the endings and beginnings of each line can echo each other, taking on a new meaning with each line Hamlet: Now mother, what’s the matter? Queen: Hamlet, thou hast thy father much offended. Hamlet: Mother, you have my father much offended. Queen: Come, come, you answer with an idle tongue. Hamlet: Go, go, you question with a wicked tongue.

19. Sentence Patterns Zeugma the use of a verb that has two different meanings with objects that complement both meanings “He stole both her car and her heart that fateful night.”