© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 1 Connecting to the Network Networking for Home and Small Businesses.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 2 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Objectives  Explain the concept of networking and the benefits of networks.  Explain the concept of communication protocols.  Explain how communication occurs across a local Ethernet network.  Describe Access layer devices and communication methods on a local Ethernet network.  Describe Distribution layer devices and communication methods across networks.  Plan, implement, and verify a local network.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 5 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Do you know what a network is?  There are many specialized types of networks, two of which, client/server and peer-to-peer, you will learn about in this module.  You may have used one of the most popular client/server networks in the world if you have ever played the World of Warcraft, http://www.worldofwarcraft.com. http://www.worldofwarcraft.com  WoW is a massive online role-playing game (MMORPG) with over 7.5 million players around the world.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 6 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public  How is it that players from the United States, China, and indeed nearly every country around the world are able to connect and play in one world? There are clusters of servers; some dedicated to player versus player, others for role-playing, and still others for playing in the "normal environment" that allow the game play for 7.5 million players.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 8 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Networking and Its Benefits  Roles of computers on a network  Clients and servers  Examples: ambulance, police, firefighters, road cleaning, snow plowing, mail carrier, waiters/waitresses, doctors, and nurses Demonstrating the use of Network Neighborhood

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 9 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Networking and Its Benefits  Saving your work from file to server - What client software will be used? What server will you use?  Checking your myspace.com account - What client software will be used? What type of server will you use?  Checking your email - What client software will be used? What type of server will you use?  Instant Messaging - What client software will be used? What type of server will you use?  Retrieving a file - What client software will be used? What type of server will you use?  Downloading a file from the Internet - What client software will be used? What type of server will you use?

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 11 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Network Topologies Section 3.2  Differentiate between logical and physical topologies, and explain how networks are represented graphically

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 15 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Communication Protocols  Message and Encapsulation The process of placing one message format into another format so that the message can be delivered across the appropriate medium formatting Activity 3.2.4.1

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 19 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Communication Protocols  Explain standard message patterns in relation to human communication Unicast Multicast Broadcast

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 20 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Communication Protocols  Relate human communications concepts of messages, unit sizes, timing, encapsulation, encoding and standard message patterns to the term “protocol”.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 21 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Communication Across a Local Ethernet Network  Explain that Devices on a local network must share common protocols to communicate (Communicating by the Rules)

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 22 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Communication Across a Local Ethernet Network  As networks became more widespread, standards were developed that defined rules by which network equipment from different vendors operated.  Standards are beneficial to networking in many ways: Facilitate design Simplify product development Promote competition Provide consistent interconnections Facilitate training Provide more vendor choices for customers

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 24 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Communication Across a Local Ethernet Network  Each version of Ethernet has an associated standard. For example, 802.3 100BASE-T represents the 100 Megabit Ethernet using twisted pair cable standards.  The standard notation translates as: 100 is the speed in Mbps BASE stands for baseband transmission T stands for the type of cable, in this case, twisted pair.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 25 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Communication Across a Local Ethernet Network  Physical addressing identifies Source, Destination and Channel on an Ethernet Network

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 26 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Communication Across a Local Ethernet Network  In a shared network topology, every device checks the frame to decide whether to accept a frame Which address does an NIC use when deciding whether to accept a frame?

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 27 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public The Ethernet Frame Format  Hosts format the messages into the frame layout that is specified by the standards.  Frames are also referred to as Protocol Data Units (PDUs).  The format for Ethernet frames specifies the location of the destination and source MAC addresses, and additional information including: Preamble for sequencing and timing Start of frame delimiter Length and type of frame (what protocol will rec. frame) Frame check sequence (FCS) to detect transmission errors

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 28 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Communication Across a Local Ethernet Network  Basic characteristics of Ethernet for communicating across the channel- The Ethernet Frame Format  The size of Ethernet frames is limited to a maximum of 1518 bytes and a minimum size of 64 bytes.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 29 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Communication Across a Local Ethernet Network  Basic characteristics of Ethernet for communicating across the channel- The Ethernet Frame Format Which type of address is used?

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 31 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Communication Across a Local Ethernet Network  Purpose of a logical network address The location of a Network (source and destination) and a Host on that network

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 32 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Access Layer Devices and Communication Methods Section 3.4  Purpose of the Access Layer and how it is used within an Ethernet Network Which two networking devices are used to connect hosts to the access layer?

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 34 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Access Layer Devices and Communication Methods  Switches and how they are used in an Ethernet network A switch receives a frame with a destination MAC address that is currently not in the MAC table. What action does the switch perform?

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 39 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)  ARP uses a three step process to discover and store the MAC address of a host on the local network when only the IP address of the host is known. 1. The sending host creates and sends a frame addressed to a broadcast MAC address. Contained in the frame is a message with the IP address of the intended destination host. 2. Each host on the network receives the broadcast frame and compares the IP address inside the message with its configured IP address. The host with the matching IP address sends its MAC address back to the original sending host. 3. The sending host receives the message and stores the MAC address and IP address information in a table called an ARP table.  Once the sending host has the MAC address of the destination host in its ARP table, it can send frames directly to the destination without doing an ARP request.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 40 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Distribution Layer Devices and Communication Methods Section 3.5  Describe the reasons for expanding your network with a distribution layer

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 41 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Distribution Layer Devices and Communication Methods  Describe the function of routers and how they are used in the network

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 42 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Default Gateway = Router  The concept of the default gateway If the default gateway is configured incorrectly on the host, what happens?

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 44 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Distribution Layer Devices and Communication Methods  The router keeps tract of multiple networks using routing and ARP tables The router also keeps broadcasts contained within a local network

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 46 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Each port, or interface, on a router connects to a different local network  Every router contains a table of all locally-connected networks and the interfaces that connect to them. These routing tables can also contain information about the routes, or paths, that the router uses to reach other remote networks that are not locally attached. What does a router have to do to forward a packet?

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 47 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Each port, or interface, on a router connects to a different local network  If the router cannot determine where to forward a message, it will drop it. Network administrators configure a routing table with a default route to keep a packet from being dropped because the path to the destination network is not in the routing table. A default route is the interface through which the router forwards a packet containing an unknown destination IP network address. This default route usually connects to another router that can forward the packet towards its final destination network. What does a router do when it doesn’t know where to send the packet?

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 50 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Distribution Layer Devices and Communication Methods  Differentiate between implications of adding hosts to “My local network” vs. adding to a “remote network”

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 51 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Plan, Implement and Verify a Local Network Section 3.6  Plan and document the building of a small home or small business Ethernet network

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 53 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Plan, Implement and Verify a Local Network  Build a virtual model of their small home or small business network 1.Naming scheme 2.Addressing scheme

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 54 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Plan, Implement and Verify a Local Network  Describe the features of multifunction devices and how they are used in the network Integrated Router Switch AP Router

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 57 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Plan, Implement and Verify a Local Network  Perform simple workgroup tasks in order to share resources- but beware…as soon as you share resources… Internet External exploitation External exploitation Internal exploitation Internal exploitation Dial-in exploitation Dial-in exploitation Compromised host

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 58 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Plan, Implement and Verify a Local Network  Simple File Sharing can be disabled so that more specific security access levels can be assigned. When this is done, the following permissions are available to assign to resources: Full Control Modify Read & Execute List Folder Contents Read Write

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 60 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Summary  Information networks carry data using hosts as clients, servers, or both.  All computer communication involves a source, destination, and channel.  Rules called protocols govern computer communications.  Larger networks are divided into smaller, more manageable ones using a layered hierarchical design.  Each network host needs both a physical MAC address and a logical IP address.  Good network design requires a network plan.

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 1 Connecting to the Network Networking for Home and Small Businesses.

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© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 1 Connecting to the Network Networking for Home and Small Businesses.

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