1. UNIT-IV Social issues and the environment

2. UnSustainable to Sustainable Development
Sustainable development can be defined as “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
It is effective use of resources for economic development while preserving the environment and ecosystem so that not only the needs of presents are fulfilled but also for the future generations.
Sustainable development also interlinks the development and carrying capacity of environment and ecosystem

3. Causes for Unsustainable Development
Some people argue that developing countries responsible for the degradation. Others hold Developing Countries are responsible for them.
The important issues is not rate of increase of National Pollution, it is the rate of increase of Total Pollution. In this regard developed countries contribute much more than developing countries.
Some people argue that raising population in the third world countries to be the crucial pollutant and it is essential to control it by all means.
People should look at environment as not only reserve of man but of all living organism. So development has to sustain not only for man but also for all living organisms.

4. True sustainable development
It aims at optimum use of natural resources with high degree of sustainity, minimum wastage, least generation of toxic by products and maximum productivity.
Dimensions of sustainable development
Multi dimensional concept – derived from interactions between society, economy and environment.

5. Aspects of sustainable development i. Inter generational equity
We should minimize any adverse impacts on resources and environment for future generation.
ii. Intra generational equity
Technological development of rich countries should support economic growth of poor countries and lead to sustainability.

6. Measures or concept or approaches or significance for sustainable Development
a) Using appropriate technology
It is one which is locally adaptable, ecofriendly efficient and culturally suitable. It involves local labours, less resources and produces minimum waste.the Concept is ‘’Design with Nature’’.
b) 3-R Approach
Reduce,Reuse and Recycle approach.
Reduce the usage and also reduce the wastage of resource by making things that last longer and are easier to recycle, reuse and repair.

7. c) Promoting environmental education awareness
Environmental education will help in changing the thinking and attitude of people towards environment.
d) Population stabilization
We can achieve sustainable development by controlling population.
e) Conservation of nonrenewable resources
It should be conserved by recycling and reusing.
f) Usage of renewable resources
Usage of renewable resources should not be faster than their regeneration capacity.

8. Causes of urbanization:
Urbanization: Urbanization is the movement of human population from rural areas to urban areas for the want of better education, communication, health, employment etc. 
Causes of urbanization:
Cities are the main centres of economic growth, trade, transportation, education, medical facilities and employment. Hence rural people move to cities.
Examples of energy demanding activities:
Residential and commercial lightings.
Transportation means including motor cycle, car and public transport for moving from residence to work place

9. Industries using a large proportion of energy
Modern life style using a large number of electrical appliances (fans, refrigerator, washing machines, air-conditioners, , water heaters etc.) in every day life.
Control and prevention of pollution need more energy dependent technologies.
Thus due to high population growth and high energy demanding activities, the urban problems related to energy are more and more magnified in comparison with rural population.

10. Solution for urban energy problem:
Urban people should be encouraged to use public transport instead of individual transport modes like cars or motor cycles.
Even high level officials also could be educated into forming groups and using single- good and comfortable – transport instead of individual limousines.
Energy consumption must be minimized.
Energy production capacity may be increased.
Use of energy efficient technologies adopted.
 Usage of Solar energy and wind energy should be encouraged.
Apart from encouraging energy saving methods strict laws and penalties have to be imposed together with energy audit.

11. Urban Sprawl: Nearly 50% of the world’s population lives in urban areas and people from rural area continue to move to cities for employment. Thus the urban growth is so fast that it is difficult to accommodate all the commercial, industrial, residential and educational facilities within a limited area. As a result there is enlargement of city areas into suburban or rural areas. This phenomenon is called urban sprawl.

12. Energy Demanding Activities:
In the developing countries simultaneously urban growth as well as population growth are very fast. The population growth is not only fast but also unplanned and hence uncontrollable. When compared to rural people urbanites consume a lot more of energy and materials and also generate a lot of waste. This is owing to the higher standard of living the urban population and all this demands more and more energy inputs.

13. Examples of energy demanding activities:
Residential and commercial lightings.
Transportation means including motor cycle, car and public transport for moving from residence to work place Industries using a large proportion of energy
Modern life style using a large number of electrical appliances (fans, refrigerator, washing machines, air-conditioners, , water heaters etc.) in every day life.
Control and prevention of pollution need more energy dependent technologies.
due to high population growth and high energy demanding activities, the urban problems related to energy are more and more magnified in comparison with rural population.

14. Solution for urban energy problem:
Urban people should be encouraged to use public transport instead of individual transport modes like cars or motor cycles.
Even high level officials also could be educated into forming groups and using single- good and comfortable – transport instead of individual limousines.
 Energy consumption must be minimized.
 Energy production capacity may be increased.
 Use of energy efficient technologies adopted.
Usage of Solar energy and wind energy should be encouraged.
Apart from encouraging energy saving methods strict laws and penalties have to be imposed together with energy audit