1. Announcement Course Exam November 3rd In class: 90 minutes long Examples will be posted on the course website

2. Announcement -Project 1 Due This Thursday - Course Exam is on November 3rd In class: 90 minutes long Examples are posted on the course website

3. Lecture Objectives: - Answer your question related to eQUEST and Project 1 -Learn about modeling of HVAC systems -Discuss life cycle cost analysis

4. Building HVAC Systems (Primary and Secondary Building Systems) AHU Building envelope Cooling (chiller) (or Gas) Electricity Gas Heating (boilers) Fresh air For ventilation Distribution systems Air transport Secondary systems Primary systems AHU – Air Handling Unit HVAC systems affect the energy efficiency of the building as much as the building envelope

5. Integration of HVAC and building physics models Building Heating/Cooling System Plant Building Heating/Cooling System Plant Load System Plant model Integrated models Q buiolding Q including Ventilation and Dehumidification

6. Building-System-Plant Plant (boiler and/or Chiller) Building HVAC System (AHU and distribution systems)

7. T OA water Building users (cooling coil in AHU) T CWR = 11 o C T CWS =5 o C Evaporation at 1 o C T Condensation = T OA + ΔT What is COP for this air cooled chiller ? COP is changing with the change of T OA Example of Plant Models: Chiller P electric (  ) = COP (  ) x Q cooling coil (  )

8. Plant model Refrigeration Cycle T outdoor air T cooled water Cooling energy (evaporator) Released energy (condenser) - What is COP? - How the outdoor air temperature affects chiller performance?

9. Chiller model: COP= f(T OA, Q cooling, chiller properties) Chiller data: Q NOMINAL nominal cooling power, P NOMINAL electric consumption for Q NOMINAL Cooling water supplyOutdoor air Full load efficiency as function of condenser and evaporator temperature Efficiency as function of percentage of load Percentage of load: The coefficient of performance under any condition: The consumed electric power [KW] under any condition Available capacity as function of evaporator and condenser temperature

10. System models Processes in AHU presented in Psychrometric in psychrometric OA Case for Summer in Austin IA MA SA

11. Example of Detailed System Models: Schematic of simple air handling unit (AHU) m - mass flow rate [kg/s], T – temperature [C], w [kg moist /kg dry air ], r - recirculation rate [-], Q energy/time [W] Mixing box

13. eQUEST HVAC Models Predefined configuration (no change) Divided according to the cooling and heating sources Details in e quest help file: For example: DX CoilsNo Heating –Packaged Single Zone DX (no heating) Packaged single zone air conditioner with no heating capacity, typically with ductwork. –Split System Single Zone DX (no heating) Central single zone air conditioner with no heating, typically with ductwork. System has indoor fan and cooling coil and remote compressor/condensing unit. –Packaged Terminal AC (no heating) Packaged terminal air conditioning unit with no heating and no ductwork. Unit may be window or through-wall mounted. –Packaged VAV (no heating) DX CoilsFurnace Packaged direct expansion cooling system with no heating capacity. System includes a variable volume, single duct fan/distribution system serving multiple zones each with it's own thermostatic control. –Packaged Single Zone DX with Furnace Central packaged single zone air conditioner with combustion furnace, typically with ductwork. –Split System Single Zone DX with Furnace Central single zone air conditioner with combustion furnace, typically with ductwork. System has indoor fan and cooling coil and remote compressor/condensing unit. –Packaged Multizone with Furnace Packaged direct expansion cooling system with combustion furnace. System includes a constant volume fan/distribution system serving multiple zones, each with its own thermostat. Warm and cold air are mixed for each zone to meet thermostat control requirements.

14. Life Cycle Cost Analysis Engineering economics

15. Life Cycle Cost Analysis Engineering economics Compound-amount factor (f/p) Present worth factor value (p/f) Future worth of a uniform series of amount (f/a) Present worth of a uniform series of amount (p/a) Gradient present worth factor (GPWF)

16. Parameters in life cycle cost analysis Beside energy benefits expressed in $, you should consider: First cost Maintenance Operation life Change of the energy cost Interest (inflation) Taxes, Discounts, Rebates, other Government measures

17. Example Using eQUEST analyze the benefits (energy saving and pay back period) of installing - low-e double glazed window - variable frequency drive