1. TISSUE PREPARATION

2. Tissue fixation:
Tissue is treated with fixatives.
4% Formaldehyde or physical fixative as heat or microwave.
These fixatives causes crosslinking of macromolecules so that biological
Activity is arrested.
Tissue embedding
Fixed tissues are cut in small slices.for this we have to embed them in
Parrafin wax for light microscopy
Resin for electron microscopy.

3. As tissues are hydrophilic and wax is hydrophobic what to do now
Dehydrate tissues with ascending grades of alcohol 70 to 100%
Dehydrating agent was relpaced by immersing in Xylene.
These two processes are called dehydration and clearing .
Now tissue ready for embedding.
Tissues placed in metallic mould filled with paraffin wax at degree.
Heat evaporates xylene and tissues get paraffinized.
Tissue block placed in microtome for cutting.
An instrument for slicing of tissues usaually 4-5µm.

4. STAINING OF SLIDES:
Usually H & E stains were used.
They are water based stain and tissue is embedded in wax.
Now what to do
Put XYLENE and then rehydrate it.
Descending grades of alcohol and then with distilled water
Put hematoxyllin and decolorize it with acid alcohol quick dips and checked
Microscopically.
Acidic structures stain this basic dye.
Rinse with tap water .Put eosin now
Basic structures stain this acidic dye.

5. PRESERVE THE SLIDE:
Dehydrate again with ascending grades of alcohol
And cleared with xylene.
Mount with coverslip.

6. Results:
Nuclei Blue/Black
Cytoplasm Varying shades of pink
Red blood cells
Orange/red

7. Artifacts in histology

8.   What one may see upon microscopic examination of sections of specimens of human and animal tissues is not always related to the normal histology or pathology of the tissue in question.
Defects or abnormalities in tissue sections are referred to as artifacts.
Structures or features in tissue that interfere with normal histological examination.

9. Artifacts may occur at different stages in the routine collection of tissues, fixation, processing, cutting and staining of tissues.
Not always present in normal tissue and can come from outside sources.
Interfere with histology by changing the tissues appearance and hiding structures.

10. Pre-histology
Features and structures introduced prior to the collection of the tissues e.g. ink from tattoos.

11. Post-histology
Artifacts can result from tissue processing. Processing commonly leads to changes like shrinkage, color changes in different tissues types and alterations of the structures in the tissue. Because these are caused in a laboratory the majority of post histology artifacts can be avoided or removed after being discovered.

12. Formalin pigment

13. Tissue Fold

14. Tissue Tear

15. Retraction artifact

16. Unfixed tissues

17. Rough or Rapid Cutting

18. Failure To Stain Because Of Residual Wax On The Section

19. Floater/Carry over