1. Data Interchange Standards in Healthcare Rev'd Sunday A. Folayan General Data Engineering Services, Ibadan, Nigeria sfolayan@skannet.com.ng http://www.skannet.com.ng

2. 26-Oct-2015Data Standards in eHealth2 The Semiotic Triangle Thought to Symbol is correctness Thought to Referent is Adequateness Symbol to referent is Truth

3. 26-Oct-2015Data Standards in eHealth3 Representation Constraints The English Language, or Russian, or German. If you cannot describe it, you cannot document it. American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). All Computers use ASCII Characters for Communication

4. 26-Oct-2015Data Standards in eHealth4 Data Data represents quantities, characters, or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer, stored and recorded on varied storage devices and transmitted in the form of digital electrical signals.

5. 26-Oct-2015Data Standards in eHealth5 Database A database is an organized collection of data whose content must be quickly and easily Accessed Managed Updated Data need not be used where it is stored. This means there must be some common format for exchanging data while maintaining its integrity.

6. 26-Oct-2015Data Standards in eHealth6 Database Tables (Relations) Each column is an attribute Each row is a record or tuple Attribute 1 (column 1) Attribute 2 (column 2) Record 1 (tuple 1) Record 2 (tuple 2)

7. 26-Oct-2015Data Standards in eHealth7 Primary An attribute or group of attributes which uniquely identifies each record in a table May not be a Null value Foreign When a primary key in a table it used in another table, it is called a foreign key used primarily for enforcing referential integrity, but also for establishing relationships between the two tables Keys

8. 26-Oct-2015Data Standards in eHealth8 One-to-one (1-to-1) One-to-many (1-to-M or 1-to-  ) Many-to-Many (M-to-M or  -to-  ) Key Relationships

9. 26-Oct-2015Data Standards in eHealth9 The Entity-Attribute Model Entities are Doctors, Patients, Invoices Attributes include Name, Ailment, Amount etc.

10. 26-Oct-2015Data Standards in eHealth10 First Normal Form (1NF)1NF All attributes are single valued & non-repeatingnon-repeating Second Normal Form (2NF)2NF Must be 1NF & must have primary key Each non-primary key attribute must be functionally dependent on primary key Third Normal form (3NF)3NF Must be 2NF Each non-primary key attribute must be dependent only on primary key Normalization (logical organization)

11. 26-Oct-2015Data Standards in eHealth11 The OSI Model Layered Approach to Data Communications Seven Layers Altogether Each Layer Performs a Unique Function Each Layer Has Its Own Protocol Protocol Messages in Upper Layer is Data to Layer Below

12. 26-Oct-2015Data Standards in eHealth12 The OSI Model Layered Approach to Data Communications Seven Layers Altogether Each Layer Performs a Unique Function Each Layer Has Its Own Protocol Protocol Messages in Upper Layer is Data to Layer Below

13. 26-Oct-2015Data Standards in eHealth13 The OSI Model The Seven Layers Physical Link Network Transport Session Presentation Application Unreliable Wire, Telco Line Reliable Across Physical Line Unreliable Thru Multi-Node Network Reliable End to End Sync Points and Dialogs Data Representation & Syntax User Level Processing RS232, T1, 802.x LAPB, HDLC X.25 Pkt, IP TCP ISO Session ISO Presentation Telnet, FTP, Mail Layer NameDescriptionExamples

14. 26-Oct-2015Data Standards in eHealth14 Health Level 7 Health Level-7 or HL7 refers to a set of international standards for transfer of clinical and administrative data between software applications used by various healthcare providers. These standards focus on the application layer, which is "layer 7" in the OSI model.

15. 26-Oct-2015Data Standards in eHealth15 Health Level 7 HL7 specifies a number of flexible standards, guidelines, and methodologies by which various healthcare systems can communicate with each other. These data standards are meant to allow healthcare organizations to easily share clinical information. Theoretically, this ability to exchange information should help to minimize the tendency for medical care to be geographically isolated and highly variable.

16. 26-Oct-2015Data Standards in eHealth16 HL7 Standards Version 2.x Messaging Standard – an interoperability specification for health and medical transactions Version 3 Messaging Standard – an interoperability specification for health and medical transactions Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) – an exchange model for clinical documents, based on HL7 Version 3

17. 26-Oct-2015Data Standards in eHealth17 HL7 Standards (Cont.) Continuity of Care Document (CCD) - a US specification for the exchange of medical summaries, based on CDA. Structured Product Labeling (SPL) – the published information that accompanies a medicine, based on HL7 Version 3 Clinical Context Object Workgroup (CCOW) – an interoperability specification for the visual integration of user applications

18. 26-Oct-2015Data Standards in eHealth18 Guiding Principles for Sharing Data Stakeholder Inclusiveness – Industry-wide collaboration – Open cooperation across geographic boundaries whether local, regional, national or international – Market competition should be valued to achieve cost effectiveness Data Protection [Authentication, Authorization] Innovation – Intellectual property Management

19. 26-Oct-2015Data Standards in eHealth19