1. Chapter 20
Health and Medicine

2. Chapter Outline Health and Medicine in Global Perspective
Issues of Healthcare in the United States
Medicine and Technology

3. Health and Medicine in Global Perspective
Health care is distinct from health.
Health care refers to medical services
Health is the state of being of one individual or an entire society.
Social scientists use the following to measure the health of an entire society:
Infant mortality rates
Maternal death rates
Life expectancy

4. Health and Medicine in Global Perspective
The health of a society is also measured through access to health care.
The following criteria are used to compare nations from a global viewpoint:
Access to medical care
Quality of medical care
Doctor-to-patient ratios

5. The Importance of Water Supply
Contaminated water is the leading cause of infant death throughout the world.
Creating a safe water supply is one of the most important ways to improve global health.
Safe water is creating by:
Separating human from animal waste
Removing sewage from irrigation channels

6. Issues of Health Care in the United States
In September 2009, President Obama set forth an argument for health care as a right.
The social justice argument for health care reform in the United States is based on comparisons between the U.S. and other industrialized nations.
To date, there is no single system that other nations have adopted for delivering universal health care.

7. Medicine and Technological Change
Throughout history, limitations on food production, together with lack of medical knowledge, have placed limits on the size of populations.
In England, the bubonic plague, known as the Black Death, was responsible for a drastic drop in the population in 1348 and for the lack of population growth in the 17th century.
In ,417 residents of London died of the plague.

8. Long-Term Population Trends in England and Wales, 1000–1800

9. Medicine and Technological Change
During the 19th century, scientific research resulted in the discovery of the causes of many diseases.
They learned about hygiene, sterilization, and other principles of public health, especially the need to separate drinking water from waste water.
Rates of infant mortality decreased dramatically, births began to outnumber deaths, and life expectancy increased.

10. Infant Mortality Rates for Selected Countries

11. Hospital: From Poorhouse to Healing Institution
The first hospitals were religious centers for the care of the sick and the poor.
During the Renaissance, hospitals became public facilities.
When the nonmedical tasks of hospitals disappeared, the hospital became an institution for medical care and research.

12. Early Hospitals
This painting by Jan Beerblock (1739–1806) depicts the sick wards in Sint-Janshospital in Bruges, Belgium, a bleak forerunner of modern hospital organization.

13. Medicine and Social Change
The development of medical technologies, together with the practice of requiring patients to pay for hospital services, has led to a crisis in American medical care.
The high cost of medical care has become a major public issue.
Over 40% of Americans have inadequate medical insurance, or none at all.

14. Social Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study of how diseases originate and spread in human populations and how societies can develop better public health systems.
Social epidemiology looks for the fundamental causes of health problems in basic social conditions that are often the precursors of health problems.

15. Transmission Categories of Adults and Adolescents With HIV/AIDS

16. Sex of Adults and Adolescents With HIV/AIDS Diagnosed During 2007

17. Diseases related to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

18. Race, Income, and Obesity

19. Cardiovascular Diseases
Death Rates, by Cause of Death, United States, (per 100,000 population)
Year
Tuberculosis
Cancer
Cardiovascular Diseases
1900
194.4 64
345.2
1910
153.8
76.2
371.9
1920
113.1
83.4
364.9
1930
71.1
97.4
414.4
1940
45.9
120.3
485.7
1950
22.5
139.8
510.8
1960
6.1
149.2
521.8

20. Cardiovascular Diseases
Death Rates, by Cause of Death, United States, (per 100,000 population)
Year
Tuberculosis
Cancer
Cardiovascular Diseases
1970
2.6
162.8
496
1980
0.9
183.9
436.4
1990
0.7
203.2
368.3
2000
0.3
200.5
340.4
2001
194.4
323.9
2002
193.8
318.3

21. Death Rates, by Cause of Death, United States, (per 100,000 population)
Year
Influenza and Pneumonia
Motor Vehicle Accidents
1900
202.0 NA
1910
155.9
1.8
1920
207.3
10.3
1930
102.5
26.7
1940
70.3
26.2
1950
31.3
23.1
1960
37.3
21.3

22. Death Rates, by Cause of Death, United States, (per 100,000 population)
Year
Influenza and Pneumonia
Motor Vehicle Accidents
1970
30.9
26.9
1980
24.1
23.5
1990 32
18.8
2000
24.3
15.2
2001
21.8
15.4
2002
22.9
15.5

23. Quick Quiz

24. 1. Doctors and medical technology
began increasing the life span markedly about three centuries ago.
have always done more good than harm in promoting health and well-being.
only started to become extremely relevant in curing sick people and extending the life in the 20th century.
were far more important than public health measures in improving the health status of our society during the 19th century.

25. Answer: c
Doctors and medical technology only started to become extremely relevant in curing sick people and extending the life in the 20th century.

26. 2. People from which categories are currently at greatest risk of HIV infection?
Latinos, homosexuals, men
whites, homosexuals, women
African Americans, homosexuals, men
All categories are at equal risk.

27. Answer: c
The categories currently at greatest risk of HIV infection are: African Americans, homosexuals, and men.