2. That Natural Attraction Inductance and Magnetic Storage

3. A circular aperture of diameter d Capacitors store charge, thereby storing electric field and maintaining a potential difference Capacitors can be used to store binary info Capacitance is found in many different aspects of integrated circuits: memory (where it’s desirable), interconnects (where it slows stuff down), and transistors (ditto) A Learning Summary

4. Magnetic Fields Magnetic fields are created two ways: –By moving charges (currents) –Intrinsic property of elementary particles In most matter, the intrinsic magnetic fields of nuclei and electrons each cancel In ferromagnetic materials, the intrinsic magnetic fields of electrons can be aligned and add

5. Storing data magnetically The electron spins (intrinsic magnetic fields) in a ferromagnetic material are aligned to give a net magnetization The smallest region with magnetization is called a “domain” If data is digital and binary, two domains are used to store a bit of storage If data is analog, magnetic field varies continuously in proportion to the data

6. Representing data magnetically Two domains are used to store a bit of storage Magnetizations in the two domains with the same direction represents a 0 Magnetizations in the two domains with opposite directions represents a 1 The direction of magnetization changes at the start of a new bit

7. Examples of magnetic data NSSN Bits representing 1 SNNS Domains NS SN SNSNNSNSNSNSNSNSSNSNSNSN Bits representing 0 NSNS SNSN A string of 0s A 1 followed by a string of 0s

8. Examples of magnetic data Bits representing 0 NSNS SNSN A string of 0s SNSNNSNSNSNSSNSN NSSN Bits representing 1 SNNSNSSNNSSNNSSNNSSNSNNSSNNSSNNSSNNS A string of 1s

9. Examples of magnetic data NSNS NSSN NSNS NSSNNSSN SNSNSNSNNS NS 0001 111

10. 0001111

11. Writing magnetic data Ferromagnetic material becomes magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field Currents create magnetic fields A loop of current creates a magnetic field passing through the axis of the loop in a direction given by the “right-hand rule” Outside the loop, the field has the opposite direction, since it is circling back

12. Writing magnetic data Changing the direction of current in the loop changes the direction of the magnetic field and so magnetizes the ferromagnetic material in a different direction

13. Reading magnetic data - induction Faraday (and Henry) discovered that changing magnetic fields produce electric fields This electric field provides the emf needed to move charges around a loop of wire (current!) They also found that changing the area of the loop in the electric field induces a current Using a larger loop, or a coil of multiple loops, resulted in a larger current than a smaller loop

14. Faraday’s Law The conclusion:  B is the magnetic flux, given by A is the area of the loop with B through it second equality holds only in simple cases

15. Faraday’s Law and you A changing magnetic field induces emf in a coil of wires proportional to –The number of turns in the coil –The area of the coil –The angle between the coil’s axis and the field –The rate of change of the field Moving a magnetized ferromagnetic material past a coil of wire will induce a current if the magnetization changes Measuring this current provides info on field

16. Activity Work through today’s activity

17. What have we learned? A piece of ferromagnetic material in a magnetic field retains the magnetization of the field even after leaving the field Currents create magnetic fields proportional to current Changing the direction of current changes direction of magnetic field Magnetic data is written this way

18. What else have we learned? Magnetic storage uses two domains for each bit of data: parallel domains represent 0, antiparallel (opposite) domains represent 1 The first domain of a new bit will have magnetization opposite from second domain of prior bit This convention allows errors to be caught

19. What else have we learned? A changing magnetic field induces a current in a loop of wire: iR = - A(dB/dt) cos  A magnetized material moving past a loop of wire provides such a changing magnetic field If current is induced as bit passes, bit is 1; if no current induced, bit is 0