1. SITUATIONAL AWARENESS IN THE COCKPIT CAPTAIN INDIVIDUAL S/A COPILOT INDIVIDUAL S/A GROUP S/A Remember 2+2=2 Or 2+2=5 (Synergy) It’s up to you !! CLUES TO IDENTIFYING : >>> LOSS OF SITUATIONAL AWARENESS >>> LINKS IN THE ERROR CHAIN 1. Failure to meet target 2. Undocumented procedure 3. Departure from SOP 4. Violating minimums or limitations 5. No one “Flying Airplane” 6. No one “Looking out the window” O P E R A T I O N A L 7. Communications 8. Ambiguity 9. Unresolved discrepancies 10. Preoccupation or distraction 11. Confusion or empty feeling H U M A N

2. COMMAND AND LEADERSHIP. LEADERSHIP STYLES. AUTOCRATIC STYLE (EXTREME). AUTHORITARIAN LEADERSHIP STYLE. DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP STYLE. LAISSEZ FAIRE STYLE (EXTREME). PARTICIPATION. HIGHT. LOW. COMMAND : - Designated by Organization. - Cannot be Share. Leadership : - Share among Crewmember. - Focuses on “What’s right” not “Who’s right”.

3. INTERNAL BARRIERS EXTERNAL BARRIERS. INTERNAL BARRIERS NEED SEND RECEIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS F E E D B A C K OPERATIONAL GOAL THINK : Solicit and give feedback. Listen Carefully. Focus and behavior, not people. Maintain focus on the goal. Verify operational outcome is achieved.

4. ADVOCACY : To increase others’ S/A. State Position. Suggest Solution. Be Persistent and Focused. Listen Carefully. INQUIRY : To increase your own S/A. Decide What, Whom, How to ask. Ask Clear, Concise Questions. Relate Concerns Accurately. Draw Conclusions from Valid Information. Keep an Open Mind. REMEMBER Questions enhance communication flow Don’t give in to the temptation to ask questions when Advocacy is required. Use of Advocacy or Inquiry should raise a ‘red flag”.

5. DECISION MAKING PROCESS. RECOGNIZE NEED. IDENTIFY AND DEFINE PROBLEM EVALUATE RESULT. IMPLEMENT RESPONSE. SELECT RESPONSE. WEIGH IMPACT OF ALTERNATIVES. IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVES. COLLECT FACTS. HINTS : Identify the problem : 1. Communicate it. 2. Achieve agreement. 3. Obtain commitment. Consider appropriate SOP’s. Think beyond the obvious alternatives. Make decisions as a result of the process. Resist the temptation to make an immediate decision and then support it with fact.

6. Crew Performance Standards. SITUATIONAL AWARENESS. 1.Accomplishes appropriate pre-flight planning. 2.Sets and monitors targets. 3.Stays ahead of the aircraft by preparing for expected contingency situations. 4.Monitor weather, aircraft system, instruments and ATC communications. 5.Shares relevant information with the rest of the crew. 6.Uses advocacy / inquiry to maintain / regain situational awareness. 7.Recognizes error chain clues and takes action to break links an the chain. 8.Communicates objectives and gains agreement when appropriate. 9.Uses effective listening techniques to maintain / regain situational awareness.

7. STRESS. 1.RECOGNIZES SYMPTOMS OF STRESS IN SELF AND OTHER. 2.MAINTAINS COMPOSURE, CALMNESS AND RATIONAL DECISION MAKING UNDER STRESS. 3.ADAPTABLE TO STRESSFUL SITUATIONS / PERSONALITIES. 4.USES STRESS MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE EFFECTS OF STRESS. 5.MAINTAIN OPEN, CLEAR LINES OF COMUNICATION WHEN UNDER STRESS. 6.MANAGES LOW STRESS SITUATIONS TO PREVENT COMPLACENCY AND BOREDOM.

8. COMMUNICATION. 1.ESTABLISHES OPEN ENVIRONMENT FOR INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATIONS. 2.CONDUCTS ADEQUATE BRIEFINGS TO CONVEY REQUIREMENT INFORMATION. 3.RECOGNIZES AND WORKS TO OVERCOME BERRIERS TO COMMUNICATIONS. 4.OPERATIONAL DECITIONS ARE CLEARLY STATED TO OTHER CREW MEMBERS AND AKNOWLEDGED. 5.CREWMEMBER ARE ENCOURAGED TO STATE THEIR OWN IDEAS, OPINIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 6.CREWMEMBER ARE ENCOURAGED TO ASK QUESTIONS REGARDING CREW ACTIONS. DECITIONS AND ANSWERS ARE PROVIDED OPENLY AND NON – DEFENSIVELY. 7.ASSIGNMENT OF BLAME IS AVOIDED. FOCUSES ON WHAT IS RIGHT, NOT WHO IS RIGHT. 8.KEEPS FEEDBACK LOOP ACTIVE UNTIL OPERATIONAL GOAL / DECITION IS ACHIEVED. 9.CONDUCTS DEBRIEFINGS TO CORRECT SUBSTANDART / INAPPROPRIATE PERFORMANCE AND TO REINFORCE DESIRED PERFORMANCE.

9. SYNERGY AND CREW COCKPIT. 1.ENSURES THAT GROUP CLIMATE IS APPROPRIATE TO OPERATIONAL SITUATION. 2.COORDINATE FLIGHT CREW ACTIVITIES TO ACHIEVE OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE. 3.USES EFFECTIVE TEAM BUILDING TECHNIQUES. 4.DEMONSTRATES EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP AND MOTIVATION TECHNIQUES. 5.USES ALL AVAILABLE RESOURCES. 6.ADAPTS LEADERSHIP STLYLE TO MEET OPERATIONAL AND HUMAN REQUIREMENTS. 7.ENCOURAGES INPUT / PARTICIPATION FROM ALL CREWMEMBERS.

10. WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT. 1.COMMUNICATIONS CREW DUTIES AND RECIEVES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. 2.SETS PRIORITIES FOR CREW ACTIVITIES. 3.RECOGNIZES AND REPORTS OVERLOADS IN SELF AND IN OTHERS. 4.ELIMINATES DISTRACTIONS IN HIGH WORKLOAD SITUATIONS. 5.MAINTAINS RECEPTIVE ATTITUDE DURING HIGH WORKLOAD SITUATION. 6.USES OTHER CREWMEMBERS. 7.AVOIDS BEING “ONE MAN SHOW”.

11. DECISION MAKING. 1.ANTICIPATES PROBLEMS IN ADVANCE. 2.USES SOP’S IN DECISION MAKING PROCESS. 3.SEEKS INFORMATION FROM ALL AVAILABLE RESOURCES WHEN APPROPRIATE. 4.AVOIDS BIASING SOURCE OF INFORMATION. 5.CONSIDERS AND WEIGHS IMPACT OF ALTERNATIVES. 6.SELECT APPROPRIATE COURSES OF ACTION IN A TIMELY MANNER. 7.EVALUATES OUTCOME AND ADJUSTS / REPRIORITIZES. 8.RECOGNIZES STRESS FACTORS WHEN MAKING DECITIONS AND ADJUSTS ACCORDINGLY. 9.AVOIDS MAKING A DECITION AND THEN GOING IN SEARCH OF FACTS THAT SUPPORT IT.

12. ADVANCED / AUTOMATED COCKPIT. 1.FOLLOWS AUTOMATION RELATED SOP’S. 2.SPECIFIES PILOT AND COPILOT DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES WITH REGART TO AUTOMATION. 3.VERBALIZES AND ACKNOWLAGES ENTRIES AND CHANGES IN FLIGHT OPERATION. 4.VERIFIES STATUS AND PROGRAMMING OF AUTOMATION. 5.SELECTS APPROPRIATE LEVELS AUTOMATION. 6.PROGRAMS AUTOMATION WELL IN ADVANCE OF MANEUVERS. 7.RECOGNIZES AUTOMATION FAILURE / INVALID OUTPUT INDICATIONS.

13. 10 Ways to Help Prevent Runway Incursions. 1.See The “Big Picture”. Monitor both ground and tower communications when possible. 2.Transmit Clearly. Make your instructions and read backs complete and easy to understand. 3.Listen Carefully. Listen to your clearance. Listen to what your read back. Do not let communications become automatic. 4.Copy Clearances. Clearances can be change. Keep a note pad and copy your clearance. If needed refer to your notes. 5.Situational Awareness. Know your location. If unfamiliar with the airport keep a current airport diagram available for easy reference. 6.Admit When Lost. If you get lost on an airport ask ATC for help. Better to damage your pride than your airplane. 7.Sterile Cockpit. Maintain sterile cockpit until reaching cruising altitude. Explain to your passengers that talking should be kept a minimum.

14. 8. Understand Signs, Lights and Marking. Keep current with airport signs, lights and markings. Know what they mean and what action to take. 9. Never Assume. Do not clearances for granted. Look both ways before entering or crossing taxiways and runways. 10. Follow Procedure. Establish safe procedures for airport operations. Then follow them.