2. Regents Biology 2008-2009 Circulatory System Transport

3. Regents Biology  Why do we need a circulatory system?  connects all other systems together  supplies in  fuel (sugars) + raw materials  digestive system  oxygen  respiratory system  waste out  urea  excretory system  CO 2  respiratory system  need to pick up & deliver the supplies & wastes around the body  circulatory system

4. Regents Biology Simple organisms When your body is only 2-cell layers thick, you can get supplies in and waste out just through Diffusion – passive transport  all cells within easy reach of fluid  MUST have moist membranes Hydra Jellyfish

5. Regents Biology Complex organisms  Circulatory system - made up of 3 parts  organ  heart – pump  tissues & cells  blood vessels arteries veins capillaries  blood red blood cells white blood cells plasma platelets

6. Regents Biology Vertebrate Heart  4-Chambered heart  atria (atrium) – top of heart  thin wall  collection chamber  receive blood  ventricles – bottom of heart  thick wall pump  pump blood out Two sides separated by septum Allows separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

7. Regents Biology Superior vena cava valve Inferior vena cava septum aorta valve Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins R. ventricle L. ventricle R. atrium L. atrium

8. Regents Biology AV SL AV Lub-dub, lub-dub  4 one-way valves in the heart  flaps of connective tissue  prevent backflow  Heart sounds  closing of valves  “Lub”  force blood against closed AV valves  “Dub”  force of blood against semilunar valves  Heart murmur  leaking valve causes hissing sound  blood squirts backward through valve

9. Regents Biology pump (peak pressure) _________________ fill (minimum pressure) Cardiac Cycle How is this reflected in blood pressure measurements? chambers fill ventricles fill ventricles pump systolic ________ diastolic 110 ________ 70

10. Regents Biology Measurement of blood pressure hypertension = (high blood pressure) if systolic > 150 or if diastolic > 90

11. Regents Biology 2008-2009 Circulatory System Blood Vessels

12. Regents Biology Blood vessels arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins artery arteriolesvenules veins

13. Regents Biology Arteries: Built for their job  Arteries  blood flows away from heart  thicker walls  provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood  elastic & stretchable  maintains blood pressure even when heart relaxes  feel a pulse

14. Regents Biology Veins: Built for their job  Veins  blood returns back to heart  thinner-walled  blood travels back to heart at low speed & pressure  why low pressure?  far from heart  blood flows because muscles contract when we move  squeeze blood through veins  valves in large veins  in larger veins one-way valves allow blood to flow only toward heart Open valve Blood flows toward heart Closed valve

15. Regents Biology Structure-function relationship  Capillaries  LOTS of surface area  very thin walls  allows diffusion of materials across capillary  O 2, CO 2, H 2 O, food, waste body cell O2O2 food waste CO 2

16. Regents Biology  2 part system  Circulation to lungs  blood gets O 2 from lungs  drops off CO 2 to lungs  brings O 2 -rich blood from lungs to heart  Circulation to body  pumps O 2 -rich blood to body  picks up nutrients from digestive system  collects CO 2 & cell wastes Circulation of Blood heart lungs body Pulmonary Circulation to/from the lungs Systemic Circulation to/from the body

17. Regents Biology Vertebrate circulatory system heart lungs body  2 part system aorta - artery to body Pulmonary arteries to lungs Pulmonary veins from lungs to heart vena cavas – veins from body to heart

18. Regents Biology Stops along the way…  Lungs - pulmonary  pick up O 2 / clean out CO 2  Small Intestines  pick up nutrients from digested food (aa, ss, fa)  Large Intestines  pick up water from digested food  Liver - hepatic  clean out worn out blood cells – recycle into bile

19. Regents Biology More stops along the way…  Kidneys - renal  filters out wastes (urea)  extra salts & water  Bone  picks up new red blood cells  Spleen  picks up new white blood cells

20. Regents Biology waste food Circulatory System & Homeostasis  Homeostasis  keeping the internal environment of the body balanced  need to balance food & O 2 in  need to balance energy (ATP) production  need to balance CO 2 & waste out  Exercise  heart beat faster – MC Lab  need more ATP  bring in more O 2 & food; remove more CO 2 & waste out  Disease  poor lung or heart function = heart beat faster  need to work harder to bring in O 2 & food & remove wastes O2O2 ATP CO 2

21. Regents Biology 2008-2009 Circulatory System Blood

22. Regents Biology Blood & blood cells  Blood is a tissue of fluid & cells  plasma  liquid part of blood  dissolved salts, sugars, proteins (hormones, enzymes, and more (urea, aa, water)  cells  red blood cells (RBC)  transport O 2 in hemoglobin (a protein)  white blood cells (WBC)  defense & immunity  platelets  blood clotting – complex process; requires Calcium

23. Regents Biology Red blood cells  Small round cells – NO nucleus  produced in bone marrow  5 liters of blood in body  5-6 million RBC in drop of human blood  last 3-4 months (120 days)  filtered out by liver  ~3 million RBC destroyed each second and recycled into bile

24. Regents Biology Cardiovascular disease  Atherosclerosis & Arteriosclerosis  deposits inside arteries (plaques)  develop in inner wall of the arteries, narrowing their channel  increase blood pressure  increase risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney damage normal arteryhardening of arteries

25. Regents Biology Cardiovascular health bypass surgery  Risk Factors  genetics  diet  high animal fat - saturated  exercise & lifestyle  smoking  lack of exercise