1. Water (H 2 O) Why water exists and why is it important Why water exists and why is it important Water’s unusual properties Water’s unusual properties Hydrogen bonding and polarity Hydrogen bonding and polarity Liquid state Liquid state Cohesion Cohesion Solvent Solvent Water and solutions Water and solutions Hierarchy theory and the emergent properties of water Hierarchy theory and the emergent properties of water

2. Take Home Message Water is unique among all liquids and the uniqueness plays a major role in life on Earth and elsewhere in the solar system Water is unique among all liquids and the uniqueness plays a major role in life on Earth and elsewhere in the solar system Water’s unusual and unique properties give it a place “all its own” among compounds and molecules Water’s unusual and unique properties give it a place “all its own” among compounds and molecules Water solutions and pH are critical concepts in chemistry and biology Water solutions and pH are critical concepts in chemistry and biology Emergent properties of H 2 O are a special case study of the significance of hierarchy theory Emergent properties of H 2 O are a special case study of the significance of hierarchy theory

4. Elements of the Solar System: Role in Living Systems 25 of 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life on Earth 25 of 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life on Earth Four of the above make up 96% Four of the above make up 96% Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H) and Nitrogen (N) Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H) and Nitrogen (N) Compare to solar abundance and discuss relative to origin/evolution of life Compare to solar abundance and discuss relative to origin/evolution of life

5. Elements of the Periodic Table

6. Water and Its Properties: Composition Elemental composition of H 2 O Elemental composition of H 2 O Hydrogen is the most abundant element in universe Hydrogen is the most abundant element in universe Oxygen is the 3 rd most abundant element Oxygen is the 3 rd most abundant element Hypothesis: H 2 O is common throughout the universe Hypothesis: H 2 O is common throughout the universe

7. Liquid Solution for Living Systems Introduction Introduction Life on Earth in water ~4 billion years ago Life on Earth in water ~4 billion years ago First 3 billions years of life in water alone First 3 billions years of life in water alone All life tied to watery medium (plants, animals and microbes) All life tied to watery medium (plants, animals and microbes) Simplicity and complexity of the nature of the water molecule Simplicity and complexity of the nature of the water molecule Deceptively simple in structure Deceptively simple in structure Exquisite in function Exquisite in function

8. Water and Its Properties: Polarity Composition and structure: a polar molecule Composition and structure: a polar molecule Features Features Attraction is electrical Attraction is electrical Hydrogen bonding among two or more molecules of H 2 O Hydrogen bonding among two or more molecules of H 2 O Exquisite properties of H 2 O arise from chemical attractions among molecules because H 2 O is a polar molecule Exquisite properties of H 2 O arise from chemical attractions among molecules because H 2 O is a polar molecule

9. Water and Its Properties: Polarity

10. Water and Its Properties: Phase Diagram

11. Water and Its Properties: Liquid State Water is liquid over broad range of temperatures Water is liquid over broad range of temperatures 0 o C to 100 o C 0 o C to 100 o C Comparison with other compounds Comparison with other compounds CompoundChemical FormulaFreezeVaporRange ( o C) ( o C) ( o C) Water H 2 O 0 100 100 Water H 2 O 0 100 100 Ammonia NH 3 -78 -33 45 Ammonia NH 3 -78 -33 45 Methane CH 4 -182 -164 18 Methane CH 4 -182 -164 18

12. Water and Its Properties: Liquid State Significance of broad range of temperatures for water to exist as a liquid Significance of broad range of temperatures for water to exist as a liquid Water in a liquid state is not too cold to slow reactions and not too hot to break bonds Water in a liquid state is not too cold to slow reactions and not too hot to break bonds Could life evolve in another phase (i.e., gas, solid)? Could life evolve in another phase (i.e., gas, solid)?

13. Water and Its Properties: Cohesion of Molecules Cohesion: H 2 O molecules are “sticky” Cohesion: H 2 O molecules are “sticky” Each hydrogen bond last 1 x 10 -12 seconds Each hydrogen bond last 1 x 10 -12 seconds Constant formation and breakage of bonds: any moment, a substantial number of H 2 O molecules are bonded to its neighbors Constant formation and breakage of bonds: any moment, a substantial number of H 2 O molecules are bonded to its neighbors Consequence: more structure than other liquids Consequence: more structure than other liquids

14. Water and Its Properties: Freezing Water is unusual in that H 2 O is less dense as a solid than a liquid (it floats) Water is unusual in that H 2 O is less dense as a solid than a liquid (it floats) Mechanism Mechanism H 2 O expands when it solidifies H 2 O expands when it solidifies Due to hydrogen bonding Due to hydrogen bonding Consequence Consequence Ponds, lakes and ocean freeze from the top down Ponds, lakes and ocean freeze from the top down Consequence for living system? Consequence for living system?

15. Water and Its Properties: Freezing

16. Water and Its Properties: Solvent of Life Water is versatile solvent, due to its polarity and dissociation Water is versatile solvent, due to its polarity and dissociation H 2 O H + + OH - H 2 O H + + OH - H 2 O + H + H 3 O + (hydronium ion) In pure water, 1 molecule in every 554 million is dissociated (10 -7 molar concentration)…pH scale In pure water, 1 molecule in every 554 million is dissociated (10 -7 molar concentration)…pH scale Statistically very rare BUT exceedingly important in chemistry of life (e.g., proteins, macromolecules) Statistically very rare BUT exceedingly important in chemistry of life (e.g., proteins, macromolecules) H + and OH - are very reactive and affect much of the chemistry of living systems (e.g., membranes, metabolism) H + and OH - are very reactive and affect much of the chemistry of living systems (e.g., membranes, metabolism)

17. Water and pH

18. Water and Solutions Solutions: mixture of ions or molecules of 2 or more substances Solutions: mixture of ions or molecules of 2 or more substances Air as a mixture (O 2 in N 2 ) Air as a mixture (O 2 in N 2 ) Tea as a mixture (aqueous if water)) Tea as a mixture (aqueous if water)) Coffee as a mixture (aqueous) Coffee as a mixture (aqueous) Solvent (majority) and solute (minority) Solvent (majority) and solute (minority)

19. Water and Solutions: Concentrations Concentrations of solutes and solvents Concentrations of solutes and solvents Parts per million (ppm) or billion (ppb) Parts per million (ppm) or billion (ppb) Atmosphere and carbon dioxide (370 ppm) Atmosphere and carbon dioxide (370 ppm) Percentage by mass Percentage by mass Salinity of ocean water - mass of salts in 1,000 grams of water (35 g in 1000 g water) Salinity of ocean water - mass of salts in 1,000 grams of water (35 g in 1000 g water) Chemistry: molarity of solution Chemistry: molarity of solution # moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solvent (H 2 O) # moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solvent (H 2 O)

20. Water and Solutions: Concentrations Moles Moles Little furry critters with no eyes that live in tunnels in the ground; 3 moles per acre is a 1 molar solution Little furry critters with no eyes that live in tunnels in the ground; 3 moles per acre is a 1 molar solution Moles to a chemist are not furry animals Moles to a chemist are not furry animals 1 mole is 1 gram molecular weight of a substance (atom, molecule), and it always contains the exact same number of atoms or molecules 1 mole is 1 gram molecular weight of a substance (atom, molecule), and it always contains the exact same number of atoms or molecules 6.02 x 10 23 atoms – Avogadro’s Number (not avocado) 6.02 x 10 23 atoms – Avogadro’s Number (not avocado) 1 mole of C is 12 grams and it contains 6.02 x 10 23 atoms 1 mole of C is 12 grams and it contains 6.02 x 10 23 atoms 1 mole of Na is 23 grams and it contains 6.02 x 10 23 atoms 1 mole of Na is 23 grams and it contains 6.02 x 10 23 atoms 1 mole of H 2 O is 18 grams and it contains 6.02 x 10 23 molecules of H 2 0 1 mole of H 2 O is 18 grams and it contains 6.02 x 10 23 molecules of H 2 0 Very precise way of measuring concentration Very precise way of measuring concentration

21. Hierarchy Theory and Emergent Properties of H 2 O Principle of hierarchy theory Principle of hierarchy theory Principle of emergent properties Principle of emergent properties Example of H 2 O in Periodic Table Example of H 2 O in Periodic Table a priori: combine one atom of O with two atoms of H a priori: combine one atom of O with two atoms of H Emergent properties Emergent properties Liquid Liquid Hydrogen bonding and polarity Hydrogen bonding and polarity H+ and OH- in solution H+ and OH- in solution Solvent Solvent Range of temperature at which liquid Range of temperature at which liquid Three phases (gas, liquid and solid) Three phases (gas, liquid and solid)

22. Question Substance A has a pH of 2 and Substance B has a pH of 3. This means that ____. A.Substance A is more basic than Substance B B.Substance B is more acidic than Substance A C.Substance A is 10 times more acidic than substance B D. Substance B is 10 times more acidic than substance A

23. Questions A deep lake in Minnesota is covered with ice. What is the water temperature at the bottom of the lake? In the summer in Virginia, pond water temperature is very warm (~30 0 C). In the fall, the drop in night time air temperature results in surface water temperature falling (e.g., 20 0 C). What would you expect to happen in small ponds as the surface water temperature is cooler than the water temperature at the bottom of the pond (~30 0 C)?

24. Question How does ocean water in proximity to continents affect the climate of the adjoining land mass? Explain your analysis based on the physical and chemical properties of water.

25. Question In the search for life on other planets and in other solar systems, why is the presence and/or absence of water regarded as one of the cardinal indicators of the possibility of life?

26. Take Home Message Water is unique among all liquids and the uniqueness plays a major role in life on Earth and elsewhere in the solar system Water is unique among all liquids and the uniqueness plays a major role in life on Earth and elsewhere in the solar system Water’s unusual and unique properties gives it a place “all its own” among compounds and molecules Water’s unusual and unique properties gives it a place “all its own” among compounds and molecules Water solutions and pH are critical concepts in chemistry and biology Water solutions and pH are critical concepts in chemistry and biology Emergent properties of H 2 O are a special case study of the significance of hierarchy theory in the natural sciences Emergent properties of H 2 O are a special case study of the significance of hierarchy theory in the natural sciences