1. Egypt towards Integrated Water Resources Management By M.B.A.SAAD Head of the Reservoirs Grand Barrages Sector Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation e-mail bahaa@mwri.gov.eg

2. As populations and economies grow, water demand increases while the availability of the resource remains constant. Accordingly:  developing multiple sources and  managing multiple uses (municipal, industrial, irrigation)  more efficient water resource supply systems  maintaining or improving ambient water quality  reduction of water system losses, privatization, decentralization, effluent discharge regulation, water quality monitoring and enforcement, soil and water conservation programs, non-point source pollution control, and water and soil conservation measures are highly required. 1.Introduction

3. Proper management, protection and exploitation of the water resources is a challenge caused by population growth and increasing pressure on the water and land resources.

4. 2-Water Resources Management

5. Water Resources Management includes: Investments for urban, rural, industrial, and agricultural water supply, sewerage treatment, flood control, irrigation and drainage, hydropower and navigation projects. Other activities affecting catchment waters include forestry, mining, and construction, and industrial discharge and agricultural runoff.

6. 3-Integrated Water Resources Management

7. It is an importance of taking a holistic approach of managing water resources. Integrated Water Resource Management as a multidisciplinary approach aims to obtain an effective water resource management, from a use-based management to an integral framework.

8. 4-Procedures for establish water resources management

9. a-Water resources management must be done on the basis of river basins. b-Integrated water resources management must be introduced for both supply and demand and it will be elaborated into 5 aspects: water resources development, conservation, allocation, natural disaster prevention (water shortage and flooding) and polluted water prevention and treatment.

10. c-Long-term (20-25 years) physical master plan on water resources management must be formulated. d-A master plan should clearly delineate areas of development and conservation. e-Information on water demand and supply should be considered in an integrated manner and prioritized.

11. f-Organizational arrangement at different levels must be established. g-Water resources act, related decree, rule and regulation must be enacted to efficiently manage this sector. h-Participation of concerned agencies, public and private, and also group of people will be promoted.

12. j-Research of important issues leading to practical and effective management of water resources. k-Water resources information must be developed to the stage of being complete, correct and update. l-Monitoring, analyzing and evaluating of the operational work.

13. Through the adaptation of the IWRM the following should be considered:

14. Integration of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA’s), water resources modeling and land use planning. IWRM should be applied at catchment’s level. Water should be managed alongside the management of codependent natural resources, namely soil, forests, air and biota.

15. Systems analysis results should be translated into useful knowledge should be avoided. A true systems approach recognizes the individual components as well as the linkages between them.

16. > Full participation by all stakeholders, including workers and the community.

17. Attention to social dimensions. This will include the promotion of equitable access, enhanced role of women, and the employment and income implications of change.

18. Capacity building is highly recommended as at many levels in the process.The water stakeholders should collaborate in designing and implementing strategic elements of capacity building as part of the evolving IWRM process.

19. Capacity building categories include education and awareness raising about water; information resources for policy making; regulations and compliance; basic infrastructure; and market stability.

20. Study case Egypt towards IWRM

21. Introduction

22. *Egypt covers an area of about 1,000 000 km 2 of the arid belt of North Africa. Only 5 % *Only 5 % of this area is occupied by its population of nearly 70 millions, of which 99% is concentrated in the Delta zone. *Cultivated areas occupy meanly 8.5 million feddans, mostly confined to the flood plain and the Delta of the Nile. Few oases and some arable land in Sinai, irrigated by irrecoverable groundwater. *A reliable supply of water for irrigation is therefore mandatory for the development of agriculture in Egypt. *The main and almost exclusive source of water is the Nile river as no rain and the groundwater depends on the Nile.

24. * Egypt is now facing a major challenge of how to increase the rate of growth in agriculture production to generate and meet its future food requirements to cope with a very high annual rate of an increase in population (1.9%). *The population which was about 20 million in 1952 is now estimated at 70 millions and is expected to be 90 million by the year 2025. *The share of cultivated land per capita has been dropping since 1930. it deems imperatively to reclaim new areas annually. *To keep the present standard of the per capita share of the cultivated land, it deems imperatively to reclaim new areas annually.

25. 3.EXPECTED IMBALANCES BETWEEN THE WATER SUPPLIES AND DEMANDS

26. *Egypt has no other water resources expet Nile water. Also, the increase in the standard of living and the technological advancement will contribute to the imbalance between supply and demand. *Also, the increase in the standard of living and the technological advancement will contribute to the imbalance between supply and demand.

27. 11 major barrages on the Nile and its branches. 16 Head regulator directly fed from the Nile. 37 intermediate regulators on the rayahs and major canals..

35. Main Tasks of Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation

36.  Planning and Implementation of Water Policy  Planning and Implementation of Water Resources Development Projects, Irrigation and Drainage Projects, and Improving Irrigation System  Managing the Water Resources and Irrigation and Drainage Networks  Constructing and Managing Dams, Reservoirs and Barrages  Constructing, Operating and Maintaining Irrigation and Drainage Pump Stations 36

37. Water Resources Till Year 2003 Rainfall1.00 Ground Water in Delta and Nile Valley 6.13 Ground Water in Deserts and Sinai Ground Water in Deserts and Sinai0.91 Drainage Water Reuse in Lower Egypt in Lower Egypt5.9 Sewage water 0.70 Total 70.14 BCM Nile55.5 37

38. 52 7.57.5 4. 54 2.1 77% 3% 11% 7%

39. Future Water Resources Till Year 2017 Rainfall1.50 Ground Water in Ground Water in Delta and Nile Valley 7.50 Ground Water in Ground Water in Deserts and Sinai 3.50 Drainage Water Reuse in Lower Egypt in Lower Egypt8.40 Sewage water 2.50 Total 87.90 BCM Nile57.5 Crop Pattern and IrrigationImprovement7.00 39

40. 77% 12% 8% 3% 67 10.5 6,6 2.5

41. Per Capita Share of Water and Agricultural Lands 41

42. Jungli Sewage Nile Drainage Reuse Deep GW Nile Drainage Reuse and Surface GW Area (Million Feddans) Total Water requirement 20.80 BCM Total Area 3.4 Million Feddans 42 Horizontal Expansion Plan Till Year 2017 Horizontal Expansion Plan Till Year 2017

43. Drainage Water Reuse 43 =Drainage Water Reuse is Being Implemented According to Fixed Specifications and Factors =Estimated Drainage Water is (12-13) BCM/year, Water Salinity Ratio (700-3000) PPM =The Ministry Aims to Increase the Drainage Water Reuse From 5.0 BCM (Year 2003) to 8.4 BCM (Year 2017)

44. Ground Water Potential in Egypt Total 11.9 BCM Requirements so far 5.40 BCM Additional available till 2017 6.50 BCM 44

45. Present and Future Municipal Demands Till Year 2017 Annual Requirements in Year 2003 4.54 BCM Expected Requirements in Year 2017 6.60 BCM 45

46. Annual Requirements in Year 2003 7.60 BCM Average Annul Industrial Growth 4.00% 46 Present and Future Industrial Requirements Till Year 2017 In 2017 Total Requirements 10.60 BCM Actual Consumption 2.27 BCM Wastewater Back to System 8.33 BCM

47. Ground Water Potential in Egypt Total 11.9 BCM Requirements year 2003 5.40 BCM Additional available till 2017 6.50 BCM 47

48. Drainage Water Reuse 48  Drainage Water Reuse is Being Implemented According to Fixed Specifications and Factors  Estimated Drainage Water is (12-13) BCM/year, Water Salinity Ratio (700-3000) PPM  The Ministry Aims to Increase the Drainage Water Reuse From 5.0 BCM (Year 2003) to 8.4 BCM (Year 2017)

49. Major Water Policy Directions Till Year 2017

50. First Direction: Optimal Use of Available Water Resources Second Direction: Protect Water Quality & Prevent Pollution Third Direction: Develop New Water Resources in Cooperation With Riparian Countries 50

51.  First Direction : Optimal Use of Available Water Resources

52.  National Program for Irrigation Improvement  Optimal Cropping Pattern  National Program for Drainage Projects  Minimize Water Losses 52

53.  Cost Recovery  Best Usage of Unconventional Water Resources Such as Drainage Water Reuse and Treatment Sewage Water, and Ground Water  Maximize the Benefits From Rainfall, Flash Floods, and Rain Harvesting. 53

54.  Second Direction : Protect Water Quality & Prevent Pollution

55.  Implement the Laws of Nile River Protection and Water Conveyance System from Pollution  Determine Priorities to Continue Treatment Units of Industrial Drainage  Converting Water Conveyance System in the Urban Areas from open channel to closed conduits 55

56. 56  Prevent the Usage of Chemicals in Weed Control and Agriculture Fields.  Use Mechanical and Biological Preventing Methods in Weed Control  Use New Techniques in Irrigation to Reduce Polluted Drainage Water  Public Awareness

57.  Third Direction : Develop New Water Resources in Cooperation with Riparian Countries

58. 58  Joint Cooperation with Riparian Countries  Grant Agreement with Kenya to Dig 100 Ground Well(4.3 Million $)  Grant Agreement with Uganda to help in weed control(13.9 Million $)  Proposed Grant Agreement with Tanzania for Technical Support(5.00 Million $)  Dialogue with (Rwanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia)

59. 59  Training Scholarships for Technicians from Riparian Countries  Study Tours to Irrigation and Drainage Projects  Rearrange for Meetings of the Riparian Permanent Technical Committee

60. Why Institutional Reform ?

61. Government/MWRI Promote economic efficiency & sustainable irrigation and drainage management Reduce government interference at Operational level Promote wider share-ownership Provide the opportunity to introduce competition Better opportunities for PSP in water sector investments Water Users Improved system performance Promotion of water distribution equity,… Transparency Improve equity in irrigation water distribution Reduce water related conflicts

62. MWRI Current Scope of Work

63. Planning and Implementation of Water Policy Planning and Implementation of Water Resources Development Projects, Irrigation and Drainage Projects, and Improving Irrigation System Managing the Water Resources and Irrigation and Drainage Networks Constructing and Managing Dams, Reservoirs and Barrages Constructing, Operating and Maintaining Irrigation and Drainage Pump Stations

64. MWRI Future Scope of Work

65. Planning and Implementation of Water Policy Planning and Implementation of Water Resources Development Projects, Irrigation and Drainage Projects, and Improving Irrigation System Managing the Water Resources and Irrigation and Drainage Networks Constructing and Managing Dams, Reservoirs and Barrages Constructing, Operating and Maintaining Irrigation and Drainage Pump Stations Regulatory and corrective role

66. History and Recent Efforts Towards Institutional Reform

67. Construction Companies privatization Recent Privatization Efforts Mega Projects Services Cost Recovery Pipe making factories and others Decentralization Efforts WUA for Irrigation Improvement Projects Irrigation Advisory Services Water Boards... Policy Debates ( APP & EPIQ) Restructuring of MWRI (GW sector…)

68. Institutional Reform Guiding Principles

69. 1. Private Sector Participation & Decentralization models are site and Issue Specific 2. Focus on Irrigated Agricultures and withdraw higher up in the system 3. Promotion of water saving, environmental consideration and economic efficiency 4. Political, Social, and Economic Considerations 5. Creation of an Enabling Environment for successful institutional reform 6. Full participation of stakeholders