1. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.1 Chapter 12 Nutrition for Adults: The Early, Middle, and Later Years

2. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.2 Lesson 12.1 Chapter 12

3. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.3 Key Concept Aging is a total life process with biologic, nutritional, social, economic, psychological, and spiritual aspects.

4. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.4 Population Facts By 2030 the U.S. population will grow to 363.5 million, up 29.2% from the year 2000. Life expectancy is 78 years by 2010 –74 years for men –81 years for women Life expectancy varies by group and income Women outlive men by an average of 6 years

5. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.5 Population Facts

6. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.6 Impact on Health Disease prevention and health promotion Weight management Diabetes management Shaping influences on adult growth and development

7. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.7 Influences on Growth of Adults Physical growth –Reached in late teen years –Levels off in early adult years Psychosocial –Young adults (20 to 44 years) –Middle adults (45 to 64 years) –Older adults (65 years and older)

8. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.8 Adult Growth and Development

9. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.9 Adult Growth and Development, cont’d Socioeconomic status –Social and economic shifts –Economic insecurity –Food assistance –Basic needs

10. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.10 Adult Growth and Development, cont’d Nutrition –Can vary –Daily Recommended Intakes 50- to 70-year-olds ≥71 years age group

11. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.11 Lesson 12.2 Chapter 12

12. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.12 Key Concept Aging is a total life process with biologic, nutritional, social, economic, psychological, and spiritual aspects.

13. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.13 Aging Process and Nutrition Needs Middle and older adulthood –Gradual loss of functioning cells –Reduced cell metabolism –Body organ systems gradually lose some capacity to carry out functions and maintain reserves –Inactivity –Hormonal changes Decline in insulin production and/or insulin sensitivity Decrease in melatonin Menopause

14. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.14 Aging Process and Nutrition Needs, cont’d Effects on food patterns –Diminished secretion of digestive juices and motility of gastrointestinal muscles causes decreased absorption and use of nutrients –Decreased taste, smell, and vision affect appetite

15. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.15 Aging Process and Nutrition Needs, cont’d Senescence: the process or condition of growing old Individualized People age at different rates and in different ways

16. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.16 Aging Process and Nutrition Needs, cont’d BMR declines an average of 1% to 2% per decade –A more rapid decline at age 40 years for men and 50 years for women –Gradual loss of functioning body cells and reduced physical activity Kilocalories = energy –Carbohydrate –Fat –Protein

17. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.17 Aging Process and Nutrition Needs, cont’d Vitamins and minerals –Osteoporosis risk –Anemia

18. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.18 Osteoporosis

19. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.19 Osteoporosis, cont’d

20. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.20 Nutrient Supplementation Common in the older person Often recommended for those in a debilitated state or malabsorption Vitamin B12 supplementation

21. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.21 Lesson 12.3 Chapter 12

22. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.22 Key Concept Gradual aging throughout the adult years is an individual process based on genetic heritage and life experience. Aging is a total life process, with biologic, nutritional, social, economic, psychological, and spiritual aspects.

23. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.23 Clinical Needs Health promotion and disease prevention –Reduction of risk for chronic disease –Nutritional status Assessment Poor food habits Oral problems General gastrointestinal problems

24. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.24 Clinical Needs, cont’d Undernourishment risks: –Low appetite –Loneliness –Lack of money –Dental problems, tooth loss –Gastrointestinal problems, decreased secretions, decreased taste –Dehydration, reduced thirst sensation

25. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.25 Assisted Feeding Make no negative remarks about food being served. Identify the food being served. Allow at least three bites of each item before serving the next food. Allow time to chew and swallow. Give liquids throughout meal.

26. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.26 Benefits of Physical Activity for Senior Adults Maintain independence Reduce blood pressure Improve stamina, muscle strength for those with chronic conditions Reduce anxiety, depression symptoms Healthy bones, muscles, joints Control joint swelling and pain of arthritis

27. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.27 Chronic Diseases of Aging Heart disease Cancer Arthritis Diabetes Alzheimer’s disease Renal disease

28. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.28 CDC Recommendations to Prevent Chronic Disease Stop smoking Limit alcohol intake Be physically active Maintain healthy weight Diet low in fat and cholesterol

29. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.29 Medications That May Affect Nutritional Status Blood pressure medications Antacids Anticoagulants Laxatives Diuretics Decongestants

30. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.30 Community Resources Government programs for older Americans Older Americans Act –Congregate meals –Home-delivered meals –Research centers

31. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.31 Community Resources, cont’d –Older Americans Act Extension services Food stamps Commodity Supplemental Food Program Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program

32. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.32 Community Resources, cont’d Public health services Professional –National groups –Community groups –Volunteers

33. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.33 Chronic Conditions According to Poverty Level

34. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.34 Alternate Living Arrangements Congregate care Continuing care retirement Assisted living Nursing home

35. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.35 Summary Meeting nutrition needs of adults, especially older adults can be a challenge and is influenced by: –Current and past social, economic, and psychological factors –Biological process of aging –Life expectancy Much of the illness in older adults results from malnutrition

36. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.36 Summary, cont’d Health promotion and disease prevention are key elements in early adult life to remain healthy and function later in life. For older adults, food habits must be carefully analyzed. Individual supportive guidance and patience are necessary. Many types of assisted living arrangements available today.